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Recycling technology for plastics components of car batteries
Bartoš, Otakar ; Tocháček, Jiří (referee) ; Melčová, Veronika (advisor)
This paper deals with the recycling of plastics from lithium batteries, more specifically polyvinylidenefluoride and polyethylene. Two samples of different nature were analysed. For the first sample, the presence of polyvinylidene fluoride was expected and the sample was analysed by TGA, DSC and FTIR. It was found to contain a maximum of 3.53 % PVDF contaminated by the solvent NMP, which was used for isolation and failed to evaporate. The remainder of the sample consisted mainly of HDPE and contained other unspecified contaminants in smaller quantities. The second sample in the form of a mixture of films was manually sorted and characterised by FTIR and was found to contain 80% HDPE film and 18 % PP. Subsequently, unsorted, and sorted batches consisting of PE were created and treated by mixing, leaching, both, or none to determine the effect of the treatments on the resulting mechanical properties. After the treatments, the batches were processed by kneading and tested by tensile tests. The results show that the leached batches have a higher tensile modulus, around 1.7 GPa, than the other batches, which is close to the reference material HDPE Liten MB 71, while the mixed batches have a higher purity as determined by SEM/EDS analysis. The treated samples also achieve very high elongation at break. The highest elongation achieved was above 500 %. In addition, blends of the reference material HDPE Liten MB 71 and 10, 20 and 30 wt.% of re-sorted, leached, and mixed PE films were made. The blends were again processed by kneading and subjected to tensile tests. Overall, the properties of the 20 % blend with a modulus of elasticity of 1.74 GPa and stress at yield point of 29.1 MPa, were closest to the reference material and represent a suitable compromise between the amount of added recyclate and the deterioration of mechanical properties.
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Polymeric blends of thermoplastic starch with other biodegradable polymers
Nováková, Pavlína ; Petruš, Josef (referee) ; Kučera, František (advisor)
The master's thesis deals with the preparation and properties of biodegradable polymer blends of thermoplastic starch (TPS) with polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) with emphasis on the compatibilization of the immiscible polymer blend. The theoretical part focuses on the characterization of thermoplastic starch, thermodynamics of polymer blends, possible ways of compatibilization of polymer blends and a summary of the current knowledge on polymer blends of thermoplastic starch with biodegradable polymers. The experimental part deals with the modification of starch and PHB with maleic anhydride in order to compatibilize the polymer blend. The binding of the monomer to the polymers was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and acid-base titration. Subsequently, using the prepared modified polymers, TPS/PHB blends were prepared and the effect of compatibilization and blend composition on the properties was evaluated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to observe the melting and crystallization process, the changes in molecular weight of the polymers were assessed by determining the melt flow index. Tensile strength, elongation at break and the effect of ageing on the mentioned mechanical properties were determined by tensile testing, morphology was observed by electron microscopy (SEM).
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Blends of PLA with thermoplastics
Petruš, Josef ; Petrůj, Jaroslav (referee) ; Kučera, František (advisor)
Diploma thesis deals with preparation of polymer blend of polymer A and polymer B. Knowledge of polymer blends forming, thermodynamics and function of compatibilizer is contained in the theoretical part. Polymer blend A/B of weight ratios 75/25, 50/50 and 25/75 wt% were prepared by physical compatibilization. Concentration of compatibilizer was 5 wt%, in the case of A/B 50/50 wt% concentration of compatibilizer was 10 and 30 wt%, respectively. Blending was achieved with twin-screw extruder at 230 °C and 100 rpm. Second method used for A/B blending was based on reactive compatibilization which was achieved with Brabender kneader at 230 °C, 50 rpm and reaction time 10 minutes. Concentration ratios of A/B were 75/25, 50/50 and 25/75 wt%. Itaconic acid anhydride and maleic anhydride 0.5 and 5 wt% were used as monomer. 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(tert-buthylperoxy)hexan was (Luperox 101) used as an initiator. Difference between compatibilized and noncompatibilized blends was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, tensile test, differential scanning calorimetry, melt flow index measuring, acid-base titration and FT-IR spectroscopy.
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Compatibilization of polymeric blends of poly(lactic acid) PLA
Boldovjaková, Tatiana ; Kučera, František (referee) ; Petruš, Josef (advisor)
The bachelor thesis deals with reactive compatibilization of polymer blend of poly(lactic acid) and polyamide 6 of weight ratios 20/80. The method of reactive compatibilization of poly(lactic acid) and polyamide 6 in laboratory kneader at 230 °C and 60 rpm was chosen based on knowledge introduced in the literature review. These blends were reactively compatibilized by poly(lactic acid) grafted with itaconic anhydride, multifunctional epoxide Joncryl, poly(itaconic anhydride) and organic peroxide 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)hexane (Luperox 101) at different concentrations for 4 minutes. The effects of reactive compatibilizers and its concentration on morphological, thermal and rheological properties of blends were investigated. Reactive compatibilizer Joncryl improved interfacial adhesion, reduced particle size of dispersed phase, improved thermal stability of blends when compared to uncompatibilized blend. The results show that Joncryl is an effective reactive compatibilizer for blend of poly(lactic acid) and polyamide 6. Poly(lactic acid) grafted with itaconic anhydride did not show desired effect due to the low concentration of anhydride groups. After the addition of poly(itaconic anhydride) and Luperox 101 into the poly(lactic acid)/polyamide 6 blends, side reactions occurred, which was proved by rheological and morphological properties of these blends.
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Effect of chemical structure of plasticizer on material properties based on polyhydroxybutyrate
Stehnová, Ivana ; Alexy, Pavol (referee) ; Přikryl, Radek (advisor)
This master’s thesis deals with plasticization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), polylactid acid and their blend. It explores effect of chemical structure of plasticizer on mechanical properties of this polymer blend and on its diffusion from the polymer blend. Syntheses of plasticizers based on oligomeric polyadipates, citrates, lactate and esters of 2 ethylhexanoic acid with poly(ethyleneglycol) were carried out. Molecular weight distribution of synthesized plasticizers was determined using gel permeation chromatography. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), polylactid acid and their blend were plasticized with synthesized and commercial plasticizers. From commercial, chosed plasticizers were based on citrates and ester of 2-ethylhexanoic acid with poly(ethyleneglycol). Thermal stability of selected commercial plasticizers in polylactid acid was studied using thermogravimetry. Diffusion of plasticizers from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), polylactid acid and their blend during exposure to 110 °C was also investigated. Mechanical properties of prepared blends were tested by tensile test. Almost all used plasticizers showed positive softening effect in blend. The highest elongation at break was detected for the blend with commercial acetyltributylcitrate, where elongation at break reached 328 % relative to 21 % for neat non-plasticized blend.
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Effect of chemical structure of plasticizer on material properties based on polyhydroxybutyrate
Stehnová, Ivana ; Alexy, Pavol (referee) ; Přikryl, Radek (advisor)
This master’s thesis deals with plasticization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), polylactid acid and their blend. It explores effect of chemical structure of plasticizer on mechanical properties of this polymer blend and on its diffusion from the polymer blend. Syntheses of plasticizers based on oligomeric polyadipates, citrates, lactate and esters of 2 ethylhexanoic acid with poly(ethyleneglycol) were carried out. Molecular weight distribution of synthesized plasticizers was determined using gel permeation chromatography. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), polylactid acid and their blend were plasticized with synthesized and commercial plasticizers. From commercial, chosed plasticizers were based on citrates and ester of 2-ethylhexanoic acid with poly(ethyleneglycol). Thermal stability of selected commercial plasticizers in polylactid acid was studied using thermogravimetry. Diffusion of plasticizers from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), polylactid acid and their blend during exposure to 110 °C was also investigated. Mechanical properties of prepared blends were tested by tensile test. Almost all used plasticizers showed positive softening effect in blend. The highest elongation at break was detected for the blend with commercial acetyltributylcitrate, where elongation at break reached 328 % relative to 21 % for neat non-plasticized blend.
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Compatibilization of polymeric blends of poly(lactic acid) PLA
Boldovjaková, Tatiana ; Kučera, František (referee) ; Petruš, Josef (advisor)
The bachelor thesis deals with reactive compatibilization of polymer blend of poly(lactic acid) and polyamide 6 of weight ratios 20/80. The method of reactive compatibilization of poly(lactic acid) and polyamide 6 in laboratory kneader at 230 °C and 60 rpm was chosen based on knowledge introduced in the literature review. These blends were reactively compatibilized by poly(lactic acid) grafted with itaconic anhydride, multifunctional epoxide Joncryl, poly(itaconic anhydride) and organic peroxide 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)hexane (Luperox 101) at different concentrations for 4 minutes. The effects of reactive compatibilizers and its concentration on morphological, thermal and rheological properties of blends were investigated. Reactive compatibilizer Joncryl improved interfacial adhesion, reduced particle size of dispersed phase, improved thermal stability of blends when compared to uncompatibilized blend. The results show that Joncryl is an effective reactive compatibilizer for blend of poly(lactic acid) and polyamide 6. Poly(lactic acid) grafted with itaconic anhydride did not show desired effect due to the low concentration of anhydride groups. After the addition of poly(itaconic anhydride) and Luperox 101 into the poly(lactic acid)/polyamide 6 blends, side reactions occurred, which was proved by rheological and morphological properties of these blends.
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Blends of PLA with thermoplastics
Petruš, Josef ; Petrůj, Jaroslav (referee) ; Kučera, František (advisor)
Diploma thesis deals with preparation of polymer blend of polymer A and polymer B. Knowledge of polymer blends forming, thermodynamics and function of compatibilizer is contained in the theoretical part. Polymer blend A/B of weight ratios 75/25, 50/50 and 25/75 wt% were prepared by physical compatibilization. Concentration of compatibilizer was 5 wt%, in the case of A/B 50/50 wt% concentration of compatibilizer was 10 and 30 wt%, respectively. Blending was achieved with twin-screw extruder at 230 °C and 100 rpm. Second method used for A/B blending was based on reactive compatibilization which was achieved with Brabender kneader at 230 °C, 50 rpm and reaction time 10 minutes. Concentration ratios of A/B were 75/25, 50/50 and 25/75 wt%. Itaconic acid anhydride and maleic anhydride 0.5 and 5 wt% were used as monomer. 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis(tert-buthylperoxy)hexan was (Luperox 101) used as an initiator. Difference between compatibilized and noncompatibilized blends was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, tensile test, differential scanning calorimetry, melt flow index measuring, acid-base titration and FT-IR spectroscopy.
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