|
|
Processsing of food supplements based on medical types of mushrooms
Vetchá, Vendula ; Uhlířová, Renata (referee) ; Hoová, Julie (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with the characterization of nutrition substances in medical mushrooms, specifically Ganoderma lucidum and Hericium erinaceus. It also focuses on the biological impact of these rare mushrooms on human cell lines HaCaT and Caco-2, and investigates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 by immortalized keratinocytes and colon cancer cells after exposure to aqueous extracts prepared from mushroom powder. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the characterization of mushrooms in terms of morphological characteristics and their taxonomic classification. It further studies the effects of edible and medicinal species and provides a detailed description of medicinal mushrooms such as Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, Flammulina velutipes, Grifola frondosa, Hericium erinaceus and Pleurotus ostreatus, thesis informing about their effects, utilization and possibilities for application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. It mentions possible negative effects of mushrooms on consumers' health and presents methods for processing mushrooms and their use in the food industry. Finally, it focuses on the possibilities of in vitro toxicity testing and provides a brief overview of commonly used cytotoxicity tests such as the MTT test and LDH test. The experimental part of the thesis deals with the preparation of water extracts from mushroom powders and their characterization in terms of nutritional and biologically active substances. HPLC analysis is used to monitor the content of lipophilic substances and vitamin C in mushroom samples. To confirm the biological effect on human health, antimicrobial tests were performed using four model microorganisms, and cytotoxicity tests were performed on two human cell lines. Lastly, a sensory analysis of instant vegetable soup enriched with mushroom powder was performed. Biological effects of the analyzed powdered extracts from Ganoderma lucidum mushroom have been confirmed, especially their cytotoxic effect on colon epithelial tumor cells. However, the application of reishi in the food industry is not easy due to the presence of triterpenoids that cause a bitter taste. On the other hand, the safety of using the Hericium erinaceus mushroom in food has been confirmed through cytotoxicity tests. Sensory analysis results have shown a positive effect of Hericium erinaceus on the taste profile of instant vegetable soups.
|
|
|
USE OF COMPLEX EXTRACTS FROM PLANT AND MICROORGANISMS IN FOODS AND COSMETICS
Uhlířová, Renata ; Kovalčík, Adriána (referee) ; Vorlová, Lenka (referee) ; Márová, Ivana (advisor)
The presented doctoral thesis is focused on optimalization of preparation of extracts of various origin (plant and microbial). The influence of extraction agent, disintegration of microbial cells as well as special techniques for enhancement of extraction process effectiveness (ultrasound and microwaves) were monitored. As part of the characterization, considering the source material, the composition of the prepared extracts was analyzed both spectrophotometrically and using liquid and gas chromatography. The most suitable extraction procedure varies depending on the type of material. For herbal samples, the highest content of active substances was achieved when the extraction facilitated by microwaves was used. Contrarily, the optimal method for cyanobacteria is the traditional extraction method, which is carried out for 24 hours at laboratory temperature. The most suitable method for extracting the active substances from yeast was a combination of DMSO, ethanol and hexane. Further, the effect of extracts on microbial cultures of bacteria (E. coli, S. epidermidis, C. acnes) and yeast (C. glabrata) was observed. For cytotoxicity evaluation MTT and LDH assays were performed on HaCaT and Caco2 human cell lines. The antimicrobial tests have demonstrated the antimicrobial, antibacterial and antifungal effect of a numerous extracts, especially the essential oils of Lavandula angustifolia and Mentha piperita. On the other hand, the cytotoxicity tests showed that the most of the extracts were safe for the use in the food industry and cosmetics within a range of up to 10% by volume. To improve stability, the prepared extracts were enclosed into liposomal particles enriched with PHB polymer (0–100%). Using a ZeteSizer NanoZS device, the particles' size, polydispersity index, and colloidal stability were assessed. The cryoTEM was used to examine the particle´s morphology. Liposomes and liposomes with the addition of 20 % PHB (PHB20) were evaluated as the most suitable particles for encapsulation of the prepared extracts. Excellent stability and high encapsulation efficiency were displayed by the produced particles. Genotoxicity testing with SOS chromotest on the model organism E. coli did not reveal any genotoxic effects. As an alternative method to achieve stabilization of active substances, nanofibers from PHB were prepared by three different techniques and gelatin nanofibers by electrospinning. The fibers were monitored for their diameter, uniformity, distribution on the collector using SEM and the gradual release of active substances from the fiber structure. The evaluations revealed that the forcespinning and electrospinning techniques were the most appropriate for further investigation. A continuous release of active ingredients was achieved by incorporating extracts into nanofibers. Several applications of prepared materials in the food industry and cosmetics were designed and developed as part of this work. The base emulsion's stability and general qualities were improved when green coffee and carotenogenic yeast extracts were added. The usage of emulsions containing coffee and yeast extracts would be suitable as sunscreens, and after the addition of Spirulina extract, as day or night anti-wrinkle creams. Energy drinks of the new type based on coffee with the addition of encapsulated plant extracts enable gradual release of caffeine and antioxidants during digestion.
|
guest ::
