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Analysis of hazardous metals in rPET granulate
Souček, Elena ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Komendová, Renata (advisor)
Production of polymer products has increased rapidly in recent decades. Especially in food industry as a packaging it gained a dominant position when it replaced previously used materials. Due to the direct risk for human health it is necessary to be careful and pay attention to their composition. It is also necessary to develop methods to properly recycle and reuse already used material, not only produce new products. This thesis deals with the study of the content of risk elements in PET regranulate. The samples were completely decomposed by microwave radiation in an environment of concentrated sulfuric and nitric acid. They were subsequently analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Flame atomization technique (FAAS) was used to determine Sb and Zn and electrothermal atomization (ETAAS) to determine Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu and Ni. This method was also used to study migration of antimony from samples to food simulant under different conditions (temperature, pH). This thesis follows up on the thesis of Mrs. Kryštofová who studied recycled PET flakes.
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Study of the content of risk elements in power plant ash
Vlčková, Renáta ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (referee) ; Komendová, Renata (advisor)
This thesis deals with the study of the content of the risk elements Hg, Cr, Pb and Cd in samples provided by the Thermal Power Plant. Samples of lignite, biomass, fly ash and bottom ash were collected monthly over a period of one year. In addition to this set of samples, river water and fly ash pond water were sampled monthly. A total of 72 samples were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry (AMA 254 and ETAAS). The concentrations of the elements of concern in the lignite and biomass samples decrease in the order Cr > Pb > Hg > Cd and in the fly ash and bottom ash samples decrease in the order Cr > Pb > Cd > Hg. Overall, it was assessed that the concentrations of the risk elements after co-firing of lignite and biomass were mainly transferred to fly ash and less to bottom ash. It was found that the combustion of higher amounts of biomass decreased the Hg, Cr and Pb contents in both fly ash and bottom ash. The water samples according to the determined parameters were classified as unpolluted water.
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Chromium and chromium species cycle in environment
Nevrlá, Jana ; Sommer, Lumír (referee) ; Dočekalová, Hana (advisor)
This work focuses in the first theoretical part mainly on the possibility of entering various forms of chromium into the environment, their accumulation and transformation in environmental compartments. There are also described methods of sampling for analytical determination of chromium, the type of treatment of these samples and the most analytical methodologies for the determination of chromium in the oxidation stage III and VI. The experimental part is focused on the quantitative determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in waste water, taken from the neutralizatoin station of the Chemical faculty of Brno University of Technology, by using selected spectrophotometric methods and the obtained results are compared with the results of analytical determination of total chromium by atomic absorption spectrometry.
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Processing and properties of transparent polycrystalline ceramic materials
Tásler, Jan ; Pouchlý, Václav (referee) ; Maca, Karel (advisor)
The presented diploma thesis is focused on the preparation and properties of transparent polycrystalline ceramic materials based on Al2O3. Theoretically, the most important technological aspects of the processing of these materials are presented. Detailed attention is given to transparent Al2O3 polycrystalline ceramics doped with rare earth elements. The influence of microstructural parameters on the optical properties (represented by RIT) is investigated on Al2O3 samples doped and codoped with dysprosium, terbium and chromium. A significant effect of the average grain size on the light transmittance of all samples is observed. The highest RIT = 55 % (measured by a laser beam with a wavelength of 632,8 nm) was achieved by an optimized preparation process for a sample doped with 0,05 at. % of dysprosium. For all samples photoluminescent properties are also analysed. The photoluminescent emission spectra correspond to the activation of doping elements. In case of the terbium and chromium codoped samples, the differences in the activation of individual dopants depending on different excitation wavelengths were demonstrated, resulting in different colour emissions for different excitation wavelengths.
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Methods of Data Extraction from the Web
Perina, Lukáš ; Křivka, Zbyněk (referee) ; Burget, Radek (advisor)
The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to design an architecture and subsequent implementation of an application designed for data extraction (web scraping) from web documents. Unlike conventional methods, it is an extraction based on defining data types and regular expressions of requested elements. Extraction is executed in such a manner, where it is not necessary to know the detailed structure of given web document and the possibility of using just one definition to detect requested elements on different web pages. Algorithm is able to achieve overall accuracy of 85,51% and recall 80,28%. This approach can reduce the time required for analysis of web pages significantly and not to take the structure of the code as a determining factor while creating web scraping requests.
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Spectrophotometric determination of Chromium(III) with organic reagents
Nevrlá, Jana ; Komendová, Renata (referee) ; Sommer, Lumír (advisor)
The theoretical part of this master’s thesis is mainly focused on the physical and chemical properties of chromium, its toxicity and possibility of entering of various forms of chromium into the environment. There are also described the most common analytical methods for determination of chromium in water, including ways of modification and preconcentration water samples. The aim of experimental part is the optimalization and assessing the conditions spectrophotometric determination of Cr(III) by selected organic reagents (chromazurol S, eriochromcyanine R, 4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinol) and their comparison with the determination of total chromium, as Cr(III), using atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermic atomization. The analytical procedure for spectrophotometric determination of chromium with chromazurol S, which was found to be most suitable and ET-AAS, were applied to real water samples.
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Sewage sludge – a secondary source of environmental contamination with heavy metals
Sysel, Petr ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Komendová, Renata (advisor)
This work deals with the elementary trace analysis of sewage sludge as a potential source of risk elements when applied to agricultural land. A total of 24 samples were analyzed, divided into two sets with different collection dates. The total content of zinc, copper, chromium, lead, mercury and cadmium in sewage sludge, as well as amount of risk elements that are extracted from sludge to water in 24 hours, was determined. Atomic absorption spectrometry was chosen for the analysis. It was found that the risk elements are in sewage sludge in amounts and order Zn (254.68 – 3084.53 mg/kg) > Cu (6.18 – 961.89 mg/kg) > Cr (26.95 – 387 .91 mg/kg) > Pb (0.84 – 155.30 mg/kg) > Hg (0.50 – 4.12 mg/kg) > Cd (0.06 – 2.61 mg/kg). A lower amounts of analyzed metals in the aqueous extracts than their total amounts in sludges were observed. The concentration of mercury and cadmium in the aqueous extracts was below the detection limits. It was evaluated that the risk elements in sewage sludge are found in less water soluble compounds. The results also show that the concentration of risk elements in the sludge does not depend on the number of equivalent inhabitants for which the treatment plant is dimensioned.
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Ceramic materials based on spinel MgAl2O4 for optical applications
Rychnovský, Daniel ; Maca, Karel (referee) ; Drdlík, Daniel (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with preparation of transparent ceramics based on spinel MgAl2O4 and effect of Cr3+, Tb3+ doping on optical properties. Preparation of samples was optimized using several ways to prepare non-defect ceramic samples with the highest relative density of green body. The final step of the processing included hot isostatic pressing resulting in transparent undoped and doped spinel ceramics. The highest values of RIT (real in- line transmittance) of undoped and doped samples were measured between 77–79 %. It was found by measuring photoluminescence properties of prepared samples that increasing concentration of Cr3+ resulted to higher peak intensities. The most intense emission peak was measured in red spectral area at wavelength of 685 nm. In the case of Tb3+-doped spinel, the maximum peak intensities were measured at concentration of 0.075 at. % and the most intense emission peak was measured in green spectral area at wavelength of 545 nm.
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