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Effect of drought stress on selected winter wheat yield formation components within pot and field experiimental design
Hlaváčová, Marcela ; Pohanková, Eva ; Klem, Karel ; Hlavinka, Petr ; Trnka, Miroslav
The object of this study was to find out what is the behaviour of the same winter wheat variety (Bohemia) plants cultivated within pot and field experiment. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to verify (based on the pot experiment results) whether the pot experiment (that is limited by the soil area) does not substantially affect plant reactions. The pot experiment was carried out in growth chambers where daily temperature course, relative humidity (RH) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were set via protocols. The pots were exposed to the drought stress for 14 days with the daily maximum temperature 26 °C from noon to 2 p.m. The pots were split into 2 groups: (1) Dry where the soil moisture within pots were maintained below 30% of the maximum water holding capacity, (2) Wet where the soil moisture did not decrease below 70% of the maximum water holding capacity. The plants within Wet variant were considered as a control group. The pots were placed onto the concrete floor of a vegetation hall (where the plants were exposed to the weather conditions) prior and after stress regime exposition. The field experiment was conducted within experimental station in Bystřice nad Pernštejnem belonging to the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands in the Czech Republic. The drought stress was established through the transparent roofs installed above plants’ tops level in the field. The control experimental plot without roofs was nearby there as well. The plants were harvested when the full maturity was reached and the selected yield formation components were evaluated.
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Analysis of glutenin fraction in winter wheat cultivated in ambient and elevated carbon dioxide concentrations
Čileková, Marta ; Vránová, Dana (referee) ; Hrstka, Miroslav (advisor)
Increasing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere has influence on plant’s photosynthesis and its metabolits. This bachelor thesis is focused on analysis of glutenin fraction in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) var. Bohemia grown in ambient (AC) and elevated (EC; 700 mol.mol-1) carbon dioxide concentrations. Plants were cultivated in conditions with nitrogen fertilization (N+; 200 kg.ha-1) and without fertilization (N), in presence of UV-B radiation (UV+) and absence of UV-B radiation (UV), at drought (DRY) and with ambient irrigation (WET). Grain was harvested at 2014. The glutenin proteins were extracted from flour by isopropanol and DTT then separated by SDSPAGE and quantified by computer densitometry. Elevated carbon dioxide concentration decreased glutenin concentration in variant UV+ otherwise differences between AC and EC variants were nonsignificant. The nitrogen fertilization markedly increased glutenin content. Higher concentrations of glutenins were found in variants UV– WET and UV+ DRY. The highest concentrations of glutenins were found in conditions with presence of UV radiation, drought and nitrogen fertilization.
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Evaluation of grain yield components in selected winter wheat cultivars
ZELINKOVÁ, Monika
This thesis deals with the yield ability of chosen winter wheat varieties during growing season 2014/2015. Comparison of the two varieties (hybrid and linear). The experiment was established in standard and reduced seed rates and also in four replicates on the plot of Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice. Were examined yield components: the amount of spikes per 1 m2, amount of grains per spike and weight of thousand grains. During the vegetation observed were the amount of plants per 1 m2, each growth phase, the number of stalks per 1 m2 and plant height. Furthermore, measured were amounts of units of chlorophyll in plants using device N-Tester and the SunScan device sunlight usable for photosynthesis of plants wherein the processed values of leaf area index (LAI). At the end, compared were the theoretical and real yield and evaluated were spike length, amount of spikelets in spike and density.
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The wheat quality comparison in terms of selected agricultural company
LUXOVÁ, Hedvika
The aim of this work was a comparison of influence of certified and farming seeds their yield element and theoretical yield of winter wheat. There was in the actual conditions of the Agricultural cooperative NOVA Dříteň in vegetative season 2013/2014 selected lands sown with winter wheat originating from certified seeds and the identical cultivar originating from the farming seeds. During the vegetation season there was observed on these lands the actual number of plants per m2, number of offsets per m2, number of ears per m2, number of grains in the ear and the weight of one thousand grains. Furthermore there were calculated the theoretical yields. The certified seeds achieved better yield elements results: number of plants per m2 (389-390 pc/m2) and number of ears per m2 (729-732 pc/m2). The number of offsets per m2 did not differ much between the two qualities (2 368-2 392 offset/m2). Number of grains in the ear ranged between 36-39 pc. The better result of the two reached farming seeds (39 pc). The weight of one thousand grains was identical for both qualities (47 g). The best theoretical yield achiever the farming seeds (13, 29 t.ha-1)
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Impact of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on protein content of gliadin fraction in winter wheat
Šimíčková, Adéla ; Vítová, Eva (referee) ; Hrstka, Miroslav (advisor)
The aim of this bachelor thesis was to study the impact of elevated CO2 concentration, nitrogen fertilization and UV radiation on the content of gliadin fractions in winter wheat. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) var. Bohemia was cultivated in conditions with ambient and elevated (700 mol mol-1) CO2 concentrations. Nitrogen nutrition (200 kg N ha-1) was added to half of the samples, while the another half of samples remained unfertilized. Plants were grown in greenhouses both with shielded UV-B radiation and with normal UV radiation. Environment with natural rainfall was the same for all of these variants. Gliadins were extracted by 2-chlorethanol, separated by A-PAGE method and subsequently quantified by computer densitometry. Significant increase of gliadin proteins was noticed in conditions of nitrogen fertilization in natural UV radiation, both in elevated and ambient CO2 concentrations, whereas in an eliminated UV-B radiation significant effect of nitrogen was not observed. Therefore UV radiation influenced in combination with nitrogenous nutrition as stimulative factor. However, statistically significant impact of evelated CO2 concentration on gliadin content was not proved.
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Impact of elevated carbon dioxide concentration on protein content of gliadin fraction in winter wheat
Hamříková, Dominika ; Omelková, Jiřina (referee) ; Hrstka, Miroslav (advisor)
In this diploma thesis protein content of gliadin fractions in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) var. Bohemia was studied. The crop was cultivated in conditions with ambient (AC) and elevated (EC; 700 mol•mol-1) carbon dioxide concentration. Moreover, half of the samples was fertilized with nitrogen in an amount of 200 kg•ha-1. Other observed environmental factors were drought and UV radiation. The gliadin proteins were separated by A PAGE method and quantified by computer densitometry. Generally the protein content within , and gliadin fractions varied, while the protein content of gliadins remained unchanged or almost unchanged. Clearly the nitrogen fertilization had the most pronounced impact on the gliadin protein content and it significantly increased the protein content in wheat grain. Most subfractions reacted in conditions of AC, drought and without UV radiation and in conditions of EC with natural rainfall and UV radiation. The interaction of nitrogen fertilization with UV radiation (AC, drought) was significant and so was the interaction of nitrogen fertilization excluding UV radiation (EC, drought). The interaction of nitrogen fertilization and natural rainfall significantly increased the protein content in conditions of AC without UV radiation and in conditions of EC with UV radiation. EC alone and the interaction of EC with other factors had only a small impact. The impact was the most pronounced in interaction with nitrogen fertilization. EC with nitrogen fertilization (drought without UV radiation) increased the gliadin protein content and EC excluding nitrogen fertilization (drought and natural rainfall with UV radiation) decreased the protein content.
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Yield formation of winter wheat
ŠEVČÍKOVÁ, Tereza
This thesis deals with yield formation with the 12 varieties of winter wheat during growing season 2013/2014. The experiment was established in four repetitions on the plot of Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice. Examined yield components were the amount of spikes per 1 m2, amount of grains per spike and weight of thousand grains. Furthermore evaluated were the amount of plants per 1 m2, amount of spikelets in spike, real and theoretical yield, spike length and density. The next step was the processing of the results where the average value of all the varieties in the amount of ears per 1 m2 was 783 units/m2. The second element of the yield varieties reached the average number of grains per spike 36.2 pieces. And the mean weight of´thousand grains was 44.42 grams.
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The effect of drought and nitrogen fertilization on the production, morphometry, and spectral characteristics of winter wheat
Trunda, Petr ; Holub, Petr ; Klem, Karel
Methods of study based on the spectral reflectance of vegetation are now commonly used in researching both natural ecosystems and field crops.The aims of this experiment were to evaluate the effect of drought and nitrogen (N) fertilization on N use efficiency in winter wheat and use the obtained spectral characteristics to assess stand heterogeneity as a potential consequence of different crop nutrition. Twelve experimental plots of winter wheat were manipulated to drought from 8 May 2013 to 12 June 2013. The effect of drought was observed in two treatments: control without fertilization (N0; 0 kg N ha−1) and N fertilization (N140; 140 kg N ha–1). Plant samples were then taken for determination of above-ground biomass and N content in dry matter. Spectral characteristics of wheat were measured in the earing phase at canopy level. The effect of drought on the morphometric parameters of winter wheat was statistically significant only on N-fertilized plots (N140). Total above-ground biomass decreased by a significant 18% in the N140 treatment as a result of the simulated drought. This decrease was reflected in statistically significant reductions of all individual plant parts (stems, leaves, spikes) in N140. Responses to drought stress were observed in many vegetation indices, particularly in NDVI, GNDVI, and WI/NDVI. The results show there are significant relationships between N content in the grain and vegetation indices. A quite marked separation was observed in the relationships between dry and ambient treatments for vegetation indices NRERI, TCARI/OSAVI, VOG2 and GM. Generally, the impact of drought increased at higher levels of N content in the grain, which corresponded with the results of morphometric analysis. Use of reflectance in the study of vegetation and field crops regarding risk assessment of mineral N leaching from soils has considerable potential especially in mapping large areas and monitoring temporal changes relating to N release.
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Interactive effects of elevated CO2 concentration, drought, and nitrogen nutrition on yield and grain quality of spring barley and winter wheat
Surá, Kateřina ; Rajsnerová, Petra ; Veselá, Barbora ; Klem, Karel
The interactive effects of elevated CO2 concentration (EC; 700 μmol mol–1), drought stress, UV exclusion, and nitrogen nutrition were studied in open-top chambers located in the Bohemian–Moravian highlands (24 in total). Above-ground biomass at the time of harvest, grain yield, and grain quality parameters were studied in winter wheat (variety Bohemia) and spring barley (variety Bojos). The results showed that elevation of CO2 concentrations increased above-ground biomass and grain yield. Higher levels of nitrogen increased the stimulatory effect of EC on above-ground biomass and grain yield. In addition, UV exclusion stimulated the effect of EC. EC generally led to increased rates of photosynthesis and assimilate formation. Increased storage of starch in the grain led to an unbalanced proportion of proteins and a decrease in their relative content in grain. Similarly to grain yield and above-ground biomass, the decrease in protein content under EC was also more pronounced under UV exclusion. EC led also to reduction of other quality parameters, such as the Zeleny sedimentation test. This effect is more pronounced when nitrogen is not a limiting factor as well as under the effect of drought. The stronger effect under drought stress is probably due to increased water use efficiency.
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The comparision of winter wheat grain yield and quality
CIRHAN, Radek
Thesis topic: Assessment of wheat yield and quality. Three conventional varieties (Midas, Genius and Papageno) and one hybrid variety (Hyland) were subject to the test. The test was carried out in operational conditions of an agricultural plant in 2014. The assessed Midas and Genius varieties are classified as elite varieties in terms of baking quality and the Papageno variety and the hybrid Hyland variety are classified as unsuitable for dough production. The test was aimed at the assessment of the main yield elements, i.e. the number of spikes per m2, the number of grains per spike and the weight of a thousand grains. Another assessment parameter was the quality of grains of the assessed varieties.
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