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Issues and Questions of TBC in Subsaharian Africa
Vostrá, Jana ; Frajer, Václav (advisor) ; Kážmér, Ladislav (referee)
This thesis deals with a disease called tuberculosis. Issues of the disease and reasons for its continued spread, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, are emphasised. The aim is objective to capture the burden of tuberculosis which affects the majority of the African population, to analyze the number of infections and casualties in selected countries, track problematic, study the reasons why the disease still spreads and an attitude of the rest of the world. First of all, what World Health Organization does to improve the situation by its DOTS strategy. The work also includes a mention of an association of tuberculosis with HIV and AIDS.
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Vaccination - yes or no? Public perception of the benefits of vaccines
Chudomelová, Iva ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor) ; Jelínek, Michael (referee)
Thanks to the vaccination were saved millions of lifes around the world, but this topic raises some controversy. Many European countries abolished the obligatory tuberculosis vaccination. The main argument was steadily decreasing incidence of infectious diseases and burdening BCG vaccination for the newbors and more adverse reactions detected in recent years. The cause of their formation is probably connected with other antigens. The downtrend in the incidence of TB is recorded only in some states, mainly in Western Europe. With respect to the current demographic situation and legal or illegal migration, it is continue necessary to take this disease seriously and to investigate the new vaccination strategies.
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Tuberculosis in Národní listy newspaper 1861-1929
Adamus, Jan ; Sekera, Martin (advisor) ; Junová, Magdalena (referee)
This thesis deals with the tuberculosis disease in printed media during the years 1861 - 1929 using Národní listy newspaper as a sample. The tuberculosis was common disease causing several deaths in that period and by the end of 19th century a fight against the tuberculosis had started becoming more organized. Theoretical part of this work contains a brief overview of a history of a treatment development. Research is divided into two periods. Firstly the probes with 10 years frequency are used for the period of the years 1861 - 1918, followed by all volumes from 1918 - 1929 period. The content analysis method is used to process all findings mentioning tuberculosis. All articles found are divided into five categories - health articles, stories, advertisements, tuberculosis in other meaning and death announcements. All data are processed using charts and bar graphs including comments and examples. Aim of this work is to determine how the Národní listy newspaper responded to the medical research news, what information did they offer to their readers and whether their agenda had changed by the influence of foundation of Masaryk's league against tuberculosis after the First world war.
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Construction and characterization of recombinant adenylate cyclase toxoid of bacterium Bordetella pertussis carrying mycobacterial antigen TB7.7
Mikulecký, Pavel ; Vopálenský, Václav (referee) ; Staněk, Ondřej (advisor)
Bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an etiological agent of a deadly disease called tuberculosis that presents a global problem. According to The World Health Organization there are more than 2 billions people infected with latent tuberculosis all over the world. There is still need of specific, sensitive, quick and economic available method for identification of infected individuals. Currently in vitro blood tests are considered to be the best way of diagnosis. They are based on restimulation of specific T lymphocytes by mycobacterial antigens derived from virulent strains. There are several different approaches for enhancing of direct antigen delivery into antigen presenting cells and promising one is a genetically detoxified adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) of bacteria Bordetella pertussis. The main aim of the thesis includes construction and subsequent characterization of biological properties of CyaA protein carrying specific mycobacterial antigen TB7.7 in translocating domain. Here is shown that fusion protein CyaA-TB7.7 can form cation selective pores in target cell membranes and is able to deliver antigens into the cytosol of APC to be presented on surface with molecules MHC class II. Genetically detoxified CyaA- TB7.7 protein will be used to supplement current approaches such as also in vitro...
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The demanding character of Nursing Care in specialized pulmonary sanaroria
KLEINOVÁ, Irena
Pulmonary sanatoriums are facilities where efficient and useful therapy for patients suffering from respiratory diseases is provided. They use treatments including the methods of climatotherapy, drinking cures or inhalation therapies. Diseases such as asthma bronchiale, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, various forms of pneumonia, lung cancer and also tuberculosis are cured here. Just the tuberculosis treatment regimen is so specific that the research part of this thesis is devoted mainly to this phenomenon. Currently, tuberculosis represents a large medical problem in our country. Although the number of cases in the last decade has decreased, today it remains a serious medical and social problem with a huge economic effect on the entire society. The epidemiological situation is deteriorating on the global scale. The main causes of this deterioration are AIDS, the influx of refugees and immigrants from various risky countries, an increase in adherence to drug abuse and failure to keep to treatment measures. According to the WHO, two billion people are infected with tuberculosis globally. The urgency of this topic is seen in the fact that despite all measures, over 3 million people die of this disease globally and 90% of this number die in developing countries. This thesis is focused on the importance of pulmonary sanatoriums and also on the mapping of intensity of nursing care in particular pulmonary sanatoriums. To a great extent, the thesis deals with the issue of the specific needs of patients and the method of providing nursing care. The thesis describes individual facilities in the Czech Republic and their importance. It also deals with the specifics of nursing care for individual pulmonary diseases and goes into detail about provision of care at isolated units for patients with tuberculosis. It also deals with the holistic approach to the patient and multicultural nursing. A great part of the thesis is devoted to the needs of patients, and changes in their role in the sanatorium. The objective of this master´s thesis was to outline the difficulty of nursing care in specialized pulmonary sanatoriums and find the specific needs of patients in these facilities. Another objective was to discover the role of the nurse in provision of care and outline differences between individual facilities. All these objectives have been performed. Four research questions were set at the beginning of the research. The first research question dealt with how nursing care in pulmonary facilities is provided. The second research question was focused on finding the specific needs of patients in these facilities. The third research question dealt with the role of the nurse in providing care for patients in specialized pulmonary sanatoriums. And the last research question focused on differences between the individual sanatoriums. The practical part of the thesis contains the results of qualitative research gathered on the basis of a semi-structured interview. Final interviews were recorded, transcribed and subsequently processed by the technique of open coding. The research file consisted of 6 nurses working in pulmonary sanatoriums and 5 patients hospitalized with tuberculosis. Based on the information acquired, the patients perceive isolation units as a very simple and depressing place, where they miss contacts with their closest. The stay in the isolation unit is a shock for them. Foreigners complain of the language barrier. Nurses regard the nursing care as very demanding. They must care for patients with various diagnoses and provide multicultural care with respect to the national and cultural specifics of patients. Based on the results found, an information brochure was created, and this can help as a source of information for hospitalized patients in sanatoriums. Furthermore, the results of this thesis will be presented to individual sanatoriums for the purpose of making changes related to their equipment.
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Areály plícních léčeben - specifické objekty krajinářské architektury
Šimek, Pavel
The diploma thesis aims on description and development of the pulmonary hospitals as a specific objects of landscape architecture. The subject has been divided into three basic areas. First area focuses on the specialised sanatoriums for tuberculosis treatment and their greenery as the main field of study from the landscape architecture point of view. As a part of this thesis we have created detailed graphical overview of the environmental and natural conditions as well as overview of the historical background for selected sanatoriums in the Czech republic. Second area aims to provide complex study of contemporary trends in health care facilities greenery identified in the specialised literature. As a part of this section we have compiled proposal for differentiation of the functional type "greenery of the health care facilities". Last area presents verification study for the expansion and cultivation of the OLU Paseka medical facility. The study is based on the upper-mentioned findings and emphasises on the application of contemporary medical care trends in the landscape engineering.
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Antituberculotic susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates
SUCHÁ, Denisa
Mycobacterium tuberculosis was first described by a German physician and microbiologist Robert Koch in the year 1882. It is an obligate pathogen, which causes a very serious infectious disease - tuberculosis. This disease is an important epidemiological problem all over the world. It is necessary to diagnose all the clinical cases of the disease, isolate the patiens and apply an adequate treatment to reduce the incidence of the disease and to prevent its spread. Essential for the diagnosis of tuberculosis is a confirmation by cultivation, i.e. isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from clinical specimens, exact identification of the isolates and antitubercular drug susceptibility testing. The theme of this thesis was to determine the susceptibility to the basic anti-tubercular agents (streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide). The theoretical part provides an overview of susceptibility testing methods. A group of 275 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from January 2008 to June 2013 from clinical specimens, in the Department of Microbiology of the Faculty Hospital in Pilsen, the Laboratory for Diagnosis of Mycobacteria was examined within the practical part. The susceptibility to antitubercular drugs was tested in all the isolates by two methods the proportion method (Canetti, 1963) and the method in semi-closed system BACTEC? MGITÔ 960. The results showed 100% concordance between both methods. The resistance was proved to at least one of the basic antitubercular drugs in 24 of tested isolates. The file was also evaluated from the demographical and epidemiological point of view. There was a higher incidence of tuberculosis among men (75% men and 25% women). In terms of age, the highest incidence has been shown between 40 and 60 years of age. The percentage of foreigners in the investigated group was 30 %. The Czech Republic is a country with a low incidence of tuberculosis,however, this situation can not be underestimated, if only due to the fact that there is a constant migration of people into the Czech Republic from the countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis and its drug-resistant strains.
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Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis based on Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA)
BEDNÁŘOVÁ, Marcela
Interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) methods have become a common part of the routine tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis. These are indirect diagnostic methods, which detect the cell-mediated immune reactivity to the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens inside the human body. The methods are based on the principle of detection of interferon-gama(IFN-gama) produced by the T-lymphocytes sensitized by TB antigens. Currently, there are two tests available (QuantiFERON -TB Gold In -Tube and T - SPOT.TB). This thesis is dealing with the principle, the practical use and the place of IGRA methods in the comprehensive diagnosis of TB. The Collection of 1554 blood samples, examined by QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube in the period from 1st June 2011 to 30th June 2013 in the Mycobacteriology Laboratory of the University Hospital in Pilsen was evaluated in the practical part. The percentage of various types of health care settings indicating this examination, as well as the percentage of positive, negative and undetermined results in some selected groups of patients (screening before the initiation of biological treatment, in patients with primary lung tumors, in person with a high-risk of TB and person in contact with active form of the disease) was monitored. The results of patients with active TB verified by culture were also assessed. The results of this study indicated, that IGRA methods are of a great contribution in the TB diagnosis, in particular in the latent form, under certain conditions also in the active form. At the same time it should bementioned, that the diagnosis of tuberculosis must always be complex. This method should not be used for the TB diagnosis solely.
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The problem of Tuberculosis in Zambia
LUBASI, Sundano Kutoma
Tuberculosis is one of the worlds? deadliest infectious diseases, and is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality especially in poor countries. In Zambia, Tuberculosis remains a major health problem and is among the top ten causes of morbidity and mortality. Tuberculosis notifications have increased 5- fold in the last 20 years, mainly due to HIV/AIDS, it is estimated that approximately 70 % of all detected tuberculosis cases are also co-infected with HIV. The interaction of tuberculosis with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has complicated and made difficult the Tuberculosis control program. Tuberculosis has become the leading cause of death among people living with HIV/AIDS. The management of tuberculosis in Zambia is faced with many challenges, such as lack of compliance to treatment by patients, poverty as well as lack of adequate finance for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up care. The main aim of my thesis was monitoring the problem of tuberculosis in Zambia, other accompanying aims were to find out how well informed the Zambian population is, about tuberculosis, monitor the diagnostic procedure for tuberculosis, analyse the tuberculosis treatment regime and lastly to analyse the preventive measures that have been implemented and how effective they have been. In this thesis, both qualitative and quantitative types of research were used. With the qualitative research, secondary analysis of data was used. Data from different sources of information like books, publications and research findings of various surveys and researches that were done not only by the Zambian Ministry of Health but also by other organizations was used. With the quantitative research, a questionnaire was formulated whose main aim was to find out about how well informed the Zambian people are about tuberculosis. This was done only in the capital city of Zambia which is Lusaka, and the number of respondents was 100. From the results obtained, the tuberculosis burden in Zambia still remains high and tuberculosis continues to be a serious public health problem. The implementation of the various preventive measures, though still facing difficulties, has however yielded positive results. There have been improvements in the treatment success rates from 77 % in the year 2000 to the current 86 %, the incidence rate per 100 000 population has also reduced from 504 in the year 2000 to the current 365 per 100 000 population. This reduction in incidence rates can be attributed to the preventive measures like the expansion of directly observed therapy treatment ? shortcourse (DOTS)strategy to all the districts in the country, the strengthening of the National Tuberculosis Control program and many others. This work can be used as a source of reference for future research in relation to the topic of tuberculosis in Zambia.
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