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Histological methods used in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
Kowaliková, Šárka ; Hronek, Miloslav (advisor) ; Josková, Věra (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focused on tumor diseases of the colon, especially on the processing of biopsy material obtained by sampling during colonoscopy and colectomy. The theoretical part of this thesis describes general anatomy of the colon and assumptions of tumor formation in this location. It deals mainly with the risk factors which may be unaffectable, e.g. heredity and age, but also affectable, such as insufficient physical activity, excessive consumption of red meat, low fiber intake, smoking, alcohol consumption, overweight etc. The thesis also describes the possibility of prevention, which is closely related to the risk factors. Finally, some ways of taking biopsy samples and subsequent laboratory processing are listed. The practical part presents the methods used for tissue processing and staining histological slides with a focus on the advantages of faster tissue processing by continuous tissue processor. It also deals with immunohistochemical examination, which is an integral part of histopathological diagnostic procedure. The aim of the thesis was to describe how certain methods of histological processing can accelerate and especially clarify the diagnosis and the associated follow-up treatment. Keywords: colon , colorectal cancer, pathology , cancer , colonoscopy, colectomy,...
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Histology of bone tissue in anthropological applications
Valíková, Zuzana ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Cagáňová, Veronika (referee)
Bone is a hard mineralized structure forming the body support. The histological arrangement consists of bone cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts) and extracellular matrix. Arrangement of bone in vertebrates is different. We can distinguish the bones that occur in humans. As acellular bone. Or bones that in humans, occurring only a few - such as pneumatized bones. To research human bones using different animal models and each has its typical use. Key words: Bone tissue, histology, bone structure, animal models
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Diagnosis of Lynch syndrome based on pathologic examination
KRAUSOVÁ, Lenka
Lynch syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease predisposing to cancer development. Up to 5 % of colorectal cancers may be associated with Lynch syndrome. Due to its familial occurrence the diagnosis is important for family screening. Currently it is based on methods of modern pathology. Theoretical part describes structure of gastrointestinal tract, definition and history of Lynch syndrome, and methods of its laboratory diagnostics. The diagnosis can be based on evaluation of tumor microscopical features (Semi PREDICT score) in tissue sections, imunohistochemical investigation of MMR (mismatch repair) proteins, or molecular genetic MSI (microsatellite instability) testing. Practical part focuses mainly on correlation of immunohistochemistry and MSI testing. Randomly selected cases of colorectal cancer were organized into 2 study groups. The first group consisted of 25 cases with intact MMR immunoexpression, the second group comprised 25 cases with at least one MMR protein being deficient. For further verification molecular genetic MSI testing, along with BRAF gene analysis and MLH1 promoter methylation status to discriminate Lynch syndrome from sporadic cases, were performed. Germline analysis of MMR genes proved the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome in 5 cases of the second group. Semi PREDICT score sensitivity for MMR-deficiency prediction (and indirectly for Lynch syndrome detection) was 84 %, specificity 48 %. Sensitivity of MSI testing was 87 %, but only 50 % in Lynch syndrome subset of cases, specificity was 100 %. The results show major role of MMR immunohistochemistry in the diagnostics of MSI-H cancers, which is the cornerstone of Lynch syndrome screening.
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The histological estimation of the age-at-death of an individual from the burned and unburned compact bone of the human rib.
Absolonová, Karolína ; Velemínský, Petr (advisor) ; Němečková, Alena (referee) ; Masnicová, Soňa (referee)
The content of the presented dissertation work is the study of the histological structure of the burned and unburned compact bone of the human rib. The aim was to evaluate the effects of the differently high cremation temperatures on the structure of the bone tissue, and, on the basis of these findings, to design an applicable methodology for the estimation of the age-at-death of an unknown individual. As the research material the recent human ribs were used, belonging to the individuals of known age-at-death, sex and cause of death. The skeletal samples were experimentally burned under the beforehand set conditions. Every bone was divided into several pieces; one of them remained unburned, and the other were burned at the temperatures of 600, 700, 800 and 1000řC. From burned and unburned bone samples the undecalcified and unstained cross- sections were made, which were microscopically analysed under the magnification of 100×. The histological analysis was performed in the digital microphotographs using the SigmaScan Pro 5 image analysis programme. In each cross-section in total 28 variables were studied, and obtained histomorphometric data were statistically processed using the Statistica 6 programme. The result of the research is the description of the changes of histological structures caused by...
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Condition of the larval scent glands in adults of the Heteroptera infraorders
Křížková, Petra ; Vilímová, Jitka (advisor) ; Kment, Petr (referee)
The Heteroptera scent glands system is formed by larval dorso-abdominal glands (= DAGs) and adult metathoracic glands ( = MTGs). The present study deals with a summary about occurrence of DAGs which are functional not only in larval but also in adult bugs, either proved or very likely. The part of general characteristics includes information about morphology, histology and functions of DAGs. The systematic review of published cases of DAGs' persitence in the adult stage represents the main part of the study. Recapitulations about possible positions of adult persistent DAGs and the characters used to prove gland functionality conclude the study. Based on the list of persistent adult DAGs, it is evident that they can be functional more often than was supposed. The DAGs functionality within heteropteran adults seems to be relatively widespread phenomenon, particularly in regards to a life in terestrial environment.
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Histology of the lungs with a focus on bronchogenic carcinoma
KAPOUNOVÁ, Pavla
The aim of this bachelor thesis is to explain the anatomic and microscopic lung structure as well as basic features of selected pulmonary disorders, especially of bronchogenic carcinoma. The thesis deals with types, causes, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma. The thesis is comprised of two parts. The theoretical part introduces lung development, anatomic and microscopic structure of the lower respiratory tract, lung structure and function, vascular supply, and lymphatic drainage. The most frequent nonneoplastic and neoplastic pulmonary diseases are described here. The practical part of the thesis is focused on tissue processing. This complex process starts with the removal of a tissue specimen from a patient's body (biopsy) and it is finished when microscopic slide is handed to a physician (pathologist). All steps are important; there is an imperative to prevent any specimen damage as it could hamper the diagnosis. All tissue specimens must be stored in a fixative and delivered to a histopathologic laboratory, together with a clinical request for a pathological examination. Following steps are carried out in the histopathology laboratory: macroscopic examination and cut-up, processing in a tissue automate, embedding, cutting, and staining. The basic staining method is performed by hematoxylin-eosin. Finally, slides are covered and given to a pathologist who establishes a diagnosis on a particular slide, or asks for additional examinations. These may be additional histochemical stains or auxiliary studies such as immunohistochemistry or genetics. All these methods may contribute to a final diagnosis of the biopsy. The chapter Frequency of diagnoses summarises lung biopsies examined at our department (Šikl Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Plzen, the Czech Republic) in 2015. In the discussion, the frequency of bronchogenic carcinoma types is evaluated with a regard to the sex and age. Several graphs are added. Research: CD133 as a prognostic marker for non-small cell lung cancers.
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Study of organs of mice in inhalation experiments
Vrlíková, Lucie ; Diviš, Pavel (referee) ; Dočekal, Bohumil (advisor)
The diploma thesis is devoted to study potential risks for living organisms resulting from inhalation of nanoparticles of chosen heavy metals. The main aim of this work is the investigation of organs from experimental white mice after their guided inhalation of lead nanoparticles. The samples of liver and lungs from these animals are taken in time periods during the inhalation experiments and processed by specific methods for their evaluation. After pressurized microwave assisted decomposition of selected samples of mice organs in high purity concentrated nitric acid the content of lead is determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization. Furthermore, the changes are monitored using the microscopy of histological slides stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The results of both approaches are evaluated and compared within the frame of this work.
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Possibilities of the use of peracetic acid in therapy of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
ŠAUER, Pavel
The aim of the present study was to assess an influence of two different therapeutical concentrations of peracetic acid on selected haematological and biochemical parameters in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were radomly distributed to aquaria and exposed to concentrations of 0 mg.l-1 PAA (control group), 1.0 mg.l-1 PAA (P1 group), 3.0 mg.l-1 PAA (P2 group). Almost total mortality of fish was observed in the concentration 3.0 mg.l-1 PAA during the treatment comparing with the P1 group and untreated control where no mortality was observed. After the end of the experimental exposure of fish to peracetic acid, the sampling of blood has been realised. The samples of the blood were examined in order to determine haematological and biochemical parameters. Consequently, there were no significant differences (p<0.05) in a haematological profile of fish exposed to concentration of 1.0 mg.l-1 PAA. Goblet cells count and size have risen, that caused exposure of fish to peracetic acid. In the biochemical profile of fish, significant changes (p<0.01) in three parameters were found after exposure of fish to peracetic acid in concentration 1.0 mg.l-1. Changed parameters were: aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. The changes were moderate and it can be supposed that these changes are reversible. No significant change (p<0.05) in haematological parameters points out to the minimum negative influence of recommended therapeutical concntration (1.0 mg.l-1 PAA) to the health of C. idella.
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Histologic analysis of melanoma B16-F10 therapy by agonist of TLRs and fagocyte receptors
DIVOKÁ, Petra
The aim of submited Thesis was to contribute to illustration on effect of TLR and fagocytate receptors in melanoma B16-F10 treatment with mouse model. Currently, a consequence of different ligands of fagocyte receptors and their combination with liposacharide (LPS) was tested. Ligands of fagocytate receptors was used in form enabled inside tumor cells anchoring. It deals with these compounds: f-MLFKK-BAM4000, laminarin-BAM4000, mannan-BAM4000. Gained results confirmed that previously observed huge synergy of LPS (activation of TLR4) and activation of phagocytic receptors by ligands anchored to tumor cells found the clarification in the form of extensive necrotization of tumor mass at the histological level.
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