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The role of Felidae in the environmental dissemination of human pathogenic unicelular parasites
GRYM, Ondřej
One hundred cats at different levels of habituation, house kept and free living, from Czech republic were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium, Encephalitozoon spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi to consider the risk of close human - cat contact on cryptosporidial and microsporidial infections. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Encephalitozoon, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cats was determined from fecal specimens by genus-specific PCR. All PCR-positive specimens were sequenced to determine the genotype present. Out of 100 cats, three (3 %) were positive for Cryptosporidium, namely C. felis. Nine cats (9 %) were infected with E. bieneusi genotype D. None out of 35 house kept cats was infected with any tested parasites. No effect of age of animals on occurrence both Cryptosporidium and microsporidia was proved. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the presence of zoonotic species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium, and E. bieneusi in cats in the Czech republic.
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Comparison of gut parasites incidence on chosen farms
HUBENÁ, Lucie
The main goal of the thesis was to compare prevalence of intestinal parasites of cattle in farms using different technologies of breeding, and evaluation of the obtained data. Irregularly, from spring to autumn 2010, faeces samples of dairy and meat cattle were collected from the chosen farms. A total of 425 samples of cows from three farms was collected. Two of the three breeds (herd A and B) consisted of Holstein and Fleckvieh Breed, first of the herds was pastured. The third herd (C) was of Limousine breed and was pastured whole season. The samples were collected in plastic containers in fresh state. In the examined samples, gut parasites of genus Eimeria and helminthes of the family Trichostrongylidae were diagnosed. In the herd A, no intestinal parasites were found. The most common parasites diagnosed in the herd B were coccidia (38%). Helminths of family Trichostrongylidae were also diagnosed (16,6%). In the herd C, both coccidia of the genus Eimeria and parasitic helminths were found (thirs prevalence was 38% and 26%, respectively). Seasonal dynamics of the parasites was also monitored, a descending trend was detected from summer to autumn. Prevalence in the herd B was 64% in summer, 58% in autumn, in the herd C were the respective prevalences 66% and 70%.
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The influence of pasture on biodiversity of invertebrates in sub-mountain localities - coprophagous beetles
SVOBODA, Lukáš
The effect of the pasture management on dung beetle communities was studied on three sites in Šumava Mts. (South and West Bohemia). The intensity of pasturing was different: 78 cattle on the first, 106 on the second and 162 on the third pasture. The beetles were collected using pitfall traps baited by 1.5 litres of fresh cattle dung. The traps were located on each pasture. Altogether 3 traps were used per each pasture. The pitfall traps were exposed in the pasture for 7 days in monthly repetitions from April to October 2008. Totally 8725 specimen and 33 species of beetles were collected. These species belong to families Scarabaeidae,Geotrupidae and Hydrophilidae. The number of species and individuals was evaluated for each pasture, as well as seasonal dynamics and biomass distribution. The results indicate that the more intensive pasturing has the positive effect on the activity of some groups of coprophagous beetles.Other effects of the different pasture management on the beetles were not documented.
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Impact of american mink on stone crayfish populations
PAVLUVČÍK, Petr
1. Impact of introduced American mink (Mustela vison) predation on endangered stone crayfish (Austropotamobius torrentium) was examined in western Bohemian middle-sized streams for two years. Mink diet selectivity and its impact on its prey abundance were been investigating as the main target of this study. 2. The mink diet was described from excrements which were found on the target areas. The importance of different types of prey was specified by their relative numeric contribution to diet. The number of hunted crayfish was elicited from the number of crayfish remains which were collected during two years. The crayfish abundance was determined by capture {--} recapture method. 3. The crayfish was most frequently observed component of mink diet. The rate of mink predation on crayfish was dependent on density of crayfish population. This observed rate was lower during winters than during summers. The mink preferred significantly longer crayfish than was the mean of this value in population. 4. Although the crayfish was important part of mink diet the trend of impact of mink on crayfish is still inexplicit. It would be important to continue in this research to determine correlation between these two species.
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Nitrogen and carbon transformation processes in soil in permanent grasslands - research in cattle overwintering area
Šimek, Miloslav ; Hynšt, Jaroslav ; Čuhel, Jiří ; Elhottová, Dana ; Chroňáková, Alica ; Němcová, Anna ; Jirout, Jiří ; Krištůfek, Václav
Agricultural soils represent a significant source of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane). Pasture soils and especially overwintering areas receive large amounts of nutrients as animal excrements. Together with other effects, this creates good conditions for high rates of nitrogen and carbon transformations, and also for substantial losses in the form of gaseous metabolites. This paper informs on research of a specific model ecosystem – the cattle overwintering area. Research is focused either on the structure of soil microbial community and on its activities including the formation of gases in, and their emission from the soil to atmosphere.
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Quantification of key genes in nitrification and denitrification
Chroňáková, Alica ; Čuhel, Jiří ; Radl, V. ; Elhottová, Dana ; Šimek, Miloslav
The objective of the study was to explore the long-term effect of cattle grazing activities on abundance of nitrifying and denitrifying communities on overwintering area. The abundances of studied populations were determined using qPCR method and copy numbers of .i.amoA, nirS,./i. and .i.nirK./i. genes were quantified in spring and fall. High input of cattle urine and excrements with other animal activities had a significant impact on abundance of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, being higher in cattle impacted soils in comparison to control. Our data also showed that abundance of both bacterial communities reflected seasonal changes.
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Energetika larev tří druhů čeledi Bibionidae
Frouz, Jan ; Šustr, Vladimír ; Kalčík, Jiří
Food consumption, defecation, assimilation and production were studied in three species of bibionid larvae (.i.Bibio marci, B. pomonae, Penthetria holosericea./i.) feeding either on leaf litter or their own excrements. Assimilation efficiency of larvae feeding on leaf litter was in all species higher then assimilation efficiency of the same species feeding on their own excrements. Larvae reared on excrements also lost weight, which indicated that excrements were insufficient as an exclusive source of energy. In .i. B. marci, P. holosericea./i. the effect of temperature on assimilation efficiency was studied. In .i. P. holosericea./i. assimilation efficiency decreased with increasing temperature. This trend was not observed in .i. B. marci. B. marci./i. was fed on pure cellulose to test if cellulose can serve as the only source of energy. Mortality of larvae feeding on cellulose was significantly higher than of those feeding on leaf litter and did not differ from starving larvae.
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Zajímavé a vzácné saprotrofní mikroskopické houby z exkrementů a ostatních substrátů jeskyně Domica a Ardovské jeskyně (NP Slovenský kras, Slovensko)
Nováková, Alena
A broad spectrum of saprotrophic microfungi representing possible food sources for cave invertebrates was isolated from different substrata (invertebrates, bat and marten excrements, bat guano, cave sediment, air) from the Domica and Ardovská Caves. .i.Pidoplitchkoviella terricola./i. and .i.Thielavia hyrcaniae./i. are rather rarely isolated micromycetes. The species interesting from the point of view of the colony appearance or microscopic properties were .i.Penicillium glandicola, Beauveria brongniartii, Chaetomium indicum, Penicillium hirsutum, Penicillium hordei, Rhinocladiella./i. sp., .i.Aspergillus versicolor, Echinobotryum./i. state of .i.Doratomyces stemonitis./i., and .i.Oidiodendron cerealis./i..
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Použití specifických aktinomycetových PCR primerů k charakterizaci bakteriálních společenstev exkrementů žížal
Hill, P. ; Krištůfek, Václav ; Feijoo, A. M. ; Gallego, G.
Tropical geophageous earthworms stimulate soil bacterial activity in soil that they ingest; it is uncertain if they affect the whole bacterial population or only subgroups. We sampled .i.Martiodrillus heterostichon, Polypheretima elongata./i. and bulk soil from a Bamboo plantation near Cali, Colombia. Pots of 1500 g of an adjacent tobacco field soil were brought to field capacity and two worms of each species placed in each pot. .i.Martiodrillus./i. gut contents and wormcasts from the soil surface and within tunnels were sampled after three months. The soil was maintained at field capacity for a further five months during which the worms continued to produce casts. Worm cast Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis ARDRA (using Tag I) with actinomycete specific primers gave two strong bands at approximately 750 and 370 bp. ARDRA patterns from the three bamboo grove and four field soils had several additional bands notably at 140 and 126 bp.
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