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Male breast cancer
PEŠLOVÁ, Lucie
The topic of this bachelor's thesis is carcinoma in men's breasts. Breast's carcinoma belongs to one of the most tumour disease of women. Tumours of mammary gland could affect even men, even though it is relatively rare. Approximate ratio of women and men tumour in breasts is 100:1. Due to its rareness in men population, significant part of the patients does not even realise that they could be affected by breast carcinoma. This type of ignorance could be the reason of late diagnosis of the disease and even a worse prognosis. The first part of the bachelor's thesis is focused on theoretical information with a description of a breast's anatomy, a brief overview of tumorous diseases and its classification and dividing. Subsequently it pays attention to high-risk factors, particular machinery used for detecting of the disease. It also includes the therapy of breast carcinoma itself including specific information about radiotherapy. The theoretical section is constructed from specialized publications, articles, and internet websites by literary research. The practical part of the bachelor's thesis has two main goals. First of them is to find out the exact rate of men awareness about breast carcinoma with directing it on their knowledge of possible occurrence of this illness in men's population and potential symptoms and treatment. An anonymous form with 21 questions was made to find out the results needed for this thesis. In this questionnaire 58 men have participated in total. The second aim of the thesis was to preform an analysis of the number of men and women, whom was breast carcinoma detected in the period from January 2017 till December 2021. Gained data was afterwards compared with literature, which states the approximate ratio between men and women breast disease 100:1. The data for the practical part comes from computer database of 3 oncological centres, which are Oncological department Hospital České Budějovice a. s., Oncological clinic University Hospital in Prague and Oncological department Hospital Jihlava a. s. File included 30 male patients and 4075 female patients in total.
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Radiotherapy and skin care
NOVÁKOVÁ, Karolína
The bachelor thesis on the topic "Radiotherapy and skin care" deals with the adverse effects of ionizing radiation on the skin in the context of radiotherapy and how to care for the irradiated skin in terms of prevention of these adverse effects. The aim of the thesis was to describe the principle of radiotherapy and its effect on the human body, especially on irradiated areas of the skin, which may be more susceptible to adverse effects. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical parts and is divided into 6 chapters. The theoretical part focuses on the principles of radiotherapy, the adverse effects of ionizing radiation, specifically the adverse effects on irradiated skin and the possibilities of skin care. The practical part of the thesis deals with a questionnaire survey. The research design of the thesis was carried out by means of a questionnaire survey among cancer patients. The questionnaire was designed in a semi-structured form and then statistically processed. The results obtained from the questionnaire survey provide information on the level of awareness of cancer patients about the side effects of radiotherapy, their correct or sufficient instruction about the side effects, and their knowledge of proper care of irradiated skin to prevent radiation damage or to mitigate the effects of adverse effects on irradiated skin. The results of this work can be used as study material for radiology assistants and medical students to add to their professional knowledge of the effects of radiotherapy on the skin, or can also serve to streamline the process of providing information on the care of irradiated skin.
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Current trends in radiotherapy of brain tumors
BĚHAN, Daniel
The bachelor thesis deals with modern radiotherapeutic treatment of brain tumors. The theoretical part is devoted to the classification of these types of tumors, the effects of radiation on the cell, the side effects of radiotherapy, fractionation schemes, treatment planning and the combination of radiotherapy with chemotherapy. The main goal of the bachelor's thesis was to compare the number of patients at three selected workplaces, namely gammaknife, tomotherapy and linear accelerator. Out of the total number of 3500 patients irradiated on gammaknife during the years 2019-2021, 3024 patients underwent treatment of primary and secondary tumors, the rest of the irradiated patients represent non-tumor irradiation of vascular, functional and ocular disorders, thus 14% of the total number of treated patients. The analysis of the collected data showed an increase in the number of treated patients in 2020. The cause of this could theoretically be installation of a new type of Gamma Knife Icon, which took place in November 2019. After calculating the correlation analysis, it was found that the numbers of patients do not correlate with the installation of a new device. Data obtained from patients irradiated on tomotherapy pointed to the fact that the tomotherapeutic device is used in the treatment of brain tumors only in a small percentage (4 % of treated patients) and it is used more for the treatment of other malignancies. The number of patients with brain cancer irradiated on a linear accelerator was about 7 % of all patients. The most common cause of brain lesions was distant metastases of non-small cell and small cell lung cancer, which is confirmed by information obtained from the literature, which states that lung cancer is the most common metastatic tumor to the brain. Glioblastoma multiforme was the most common group of primary tumors. The last goal for the elaboration of the bachelor's thesis was a more detailed description of the construction of the irradiation pavilion and the installation of the newly purchased and currently the most modern radiotherapy device CyberKnife at the ÚVN in Prague.
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Psychosocial aspects in radiotherapy
ICHOVÁ, Barbora
The bachelor's thesis on "Psychosocial aspects in radiotherapy" deals with psychosocial aspects of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy and radiology assistants who assist with the treatment. The thesis set two goals. The first goal was to conduct research on psychosocial problems that patients undergoing radiotherapy face. The second goal was to survey psychosocial aspects related to radiology assistants and their job. The thesis has theoretical and practical parts and consists of 6 chapters. The theoretical part focuses on radiotherapy, current situation and human needs related to cancer treatment. It also focuses on psychological and social aspects of radiotherapy, stress and its mechanisms, and last but not least, problems which auxiliary medical personnel need to solve. The practical part contains a questionnaire survey which was carried out among oncological patients and radiology assistants. Questionnaires for both groups were designed in a semi-structured form and subsequently statistically processed. The results of the survey offer an opportunity to gain insight into experience of cancer patients and radiology assistants. It gives answers to questions about the most severe psychosocial distress in patients undergoing radiotherapy and about factors which most influence the quality of their life. The results also show the impact of psychosocial risks and stress on radiology assistants and the ways of coping with them. The thesis can be a useful aid for radiology assistants and medical students and can facilitate communication with cancer patients during their treatment.
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4D radiotherapy
RYBÁKOVÁ, Aneta
This bachelor's thesis deals with 4D radiotherapy. Four-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, or 4D radiotherapy, focuses on the position of an irradiated volume at the current time, which changes mainly due to respiratory movements. Its main principle is the synchronization of radiation with "changing - moving target volume". It is used in treating patients with chest tumors, lung cancers and left-sided breast cancer. The technique of irradiation of 4D radiotherapy is Respiratory gating simultaneously using image-controlled radiotherapy. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the individual elements of the process of preparation for irradiation, evaluation of the irradiation plan, verification processes in radiotherapy and modern irradiation methods of 3D conformal radiotherapy. The theoretical processing of the topic, a key part of the thesis, describes the methods and properties of 4D radiotherapy, treatment planning, lists indications suitable for 4D radiotherapy and a describes the fractionation of treatment. In the practical part of this thesis, the irradiation plans of patients treated with 4D radiotherapy at the Radiotherapy Department of Nemocnice České Budějovice, a.s. are compared with irradiation plans obtained from more conventional 3D radiotherapy. In this department, one of the methods of 4D radiotherapy called deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH), has been used since 2019. The objective of the practical part was to demonstrate the benefit of using 4D radiotherapy in the irradiation of left breast cancer, comparing the doses to critical organs (heart, lungs, spinal cord) of patients treated with Respiratory gating with critical organs doses of randomly selected patients treated with conventional 3D radiotherapy. The results of this thesis and the methodology of the workplace mainly pointed out that the choice of 4D radiotherapy is subjected to a consistent selection of patients. The Respiratory gating technique should not be used in patients who are affected by irregular or difficult breathing or insufficiently by the departure of the chest wall from the heart when inhaled. The conclusion of the thesis supports a trend commonly found in the literature describing the advantage of using Respiratory gating in left-sided breast cancers to reduce radiation toxicity to the heart. This may represent, for example, the development of ischaemic heart disease or myocardial fibrosis. It is therefore necessary to pay attention to modern methods that try to eliminate this undesirable consequence of breast irradiation.
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Simulators in radiotherapy
HOTAŘOVÁ, Johana
This bachelor thesis deals with simulators, which are medical devices used in radiotherapy to prepare the radiation treatment process. In 2019, an older X-ray simulator was replaced by a newer CT simulator in the hospital in České Budějovice. The aim of the theoretical part was a thorough description of both the simulators, regarding their technical and user qualities. The target of the practical part was to compare the doses needed for gaining sets of CT sections on the CT simulator by testing 42 patients, who were in various body constitutions and were diagnosed with prostate cancer (C61), rectal tumour (C20), uterine tumour (C54) or cervical cancer. (C53). According to the weight category of the patients determined by the body mass index (BMI), it can be observed that the patients suffering from one of the three degrees of obesity take a higher dose of CT. Another goal was to compare the frequency of using a CT simulator versus Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) with patients with various body constitutions and diagnoses. The more frequent use of CBCT is with patients who were diagnosed with a tumour C61 and on the contrary, the higher frequency of use of CT simulator goes with female patients with a tumour C53 or C54. A research question was defined for this bachelor thesis as to whether the dose needed to obtain a set of CT sections on a CT simulator will be of many times higher intensity in more obese patients´ cases than a dose for patients with a mediocre body composition. The hypotheses data was obtained based on the dose analysis required to gain a set of CT sections on a CT simulator in the examined cohort of patients. When comparing patients according to their weight categories in compliance with the BMI, gender and diagnosis, we observe a difference in CT doses up to 1 mGy. The content of the thesis may be used as a study material for students of radiology assistant study programme. The obtained results concerning the intensity of doses for a formation of a set of CT sections on a CT simulator could be interesting especially for the radiotherapy ward personnel in the Hospital České Budějovice, a.s.
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Options of treatment for childhood cancer
GREGOROVÁ, Tereza
This bachelor thesis focuses on oncological diseases in children and adolescents. It deals with differences between pediatric patients and adults, what are the causes of their malignant diseases, prevention, symptoms and treatment. In the practical part I focused on radiation therapy in children, using photon beam and proton beam, their advantages and disadvantages. I dealt with the incidence of the most common malignancies in children aged 0-19 years in the period 1996-2016. I analyzed the data from the National Cancer Registry and processed it into graphs and tables. I also looked at the data on the long-term survival of cured patients. The collected data show rather a decreasing tendency in the incidence of childhood malignancies in the monitored period 1996-2016. Tumor mortality in children has been decreasing in the period under review, after an initial sharp decline in recent years rather slightly. The higher incidence of malignancies in children aged 0-19 is in boys. I also graphically processed the age distribution of patients, where the first wave of increased incidence is recorded in the youngest patients under 4 years and the second wave in adolescents aged 15-19 years, which is different from the distribution of tumor incidence in the adult population where the risk of cancer increases with age. The relative percentage of five-year survival in pediatric cancer patients over time has increased with the development of cancer treatment and supportive care and dispenzarzation. The content of this work can serve as a basic overview of cancer of children and adolescents for health professionals and the general public.
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Cyclam-based bifunctional ligands for selective metal ion complexation
Hörnerová, Alžběta ; Kotek, Jan (advisor) ; Havlíček, David (referee)
Recently, the increasing demand for targeting radiopharmaceuticals motiva- tes the research of bifunctional ligands which should be able to coordinate radiometal ion into a stable complex and also contains avalaible functional group for binding to a biological vector. Especially the wide range of copper radionuclides is sparking interest for potencial applications in diagnosis and therapy of tumorous diseases. The ligands of the cyclam family are one of the most suitable for Cu(II) complexation. Relatively small number of unsymmetrically trans-disubstituted derivates has been prepared be- cause of difficult and non-trivial synthesis of these compounds. In this Diploma thesis a new orthogonal protection of cyclam is presented as a possible route of preparation of these compounds. Through this intermediate a ligand with methylenephosphonate and methylene(p-aminobenzyl)phosphinate pendant arms was synthesized, copper complexes of the ligand were prepared and their isomerism and stability/inertness were studied. Keywords: PET, SPECT, radiotherapy, copper, bifunctional ligands, orthogonal pro- tection of cyclam. 1
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Cell therapies designed to restore radiation-induced brain injury
Nuriakhmetova, Elina ; Zíková, Martina (advisor) ; Weissová, Romana (referee)
Neural stem cells are undifferentiated cells that are defined by their replication potential and their ability to differentiate into different types of neuronal and glial cells. The adult brain contains two neurogenic zones located in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. In both of these zones, neural stem cells produce new neurons. The subject of the bachelor thesis is a summary of current knowledge about neural stem cells and molecular mechanisms underlying changes in neurogenic zones after radiotherapy. At the same time, cell therapies used to minimize damage associated with radiation are discussed.
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