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Assessment of emissions into the atmosphere
Fialová, Lada ; Kulich, Vladimír (referee) ; Matoušek, Antonín (advisor)
In my master thesis I focus on evaluation of gas emissions from the Nuclear Power Station (NPS) Dukovany. My goal is to judge a fulfilment of czech legislative demands and Euratom “Commison recommendation on standartised information on radioactive airborne and liquid discharges into the environment form nuclear power reactors in normal operation” by operator of the NPS Dukovany. I give an acount of resources of gas radioaktive waste in the NPS Dukovany, methods of their cleaning and monitoring in air-conditioning systems in the NPS. Moreover, I sumarize czech legislative demands on monitoring of gas emissions from nuclear power stations and valide decisions of State Office for Nuclear Safety (SONS) for discharges of radionuclids from NPS Dukovany into environment, where autorised limits for gas emissions into atmosphere are set. In the folowing part of the thesis, I describe separate elements bound for monitoring of gas emissions, including technical parameters of individual measuring instruments. Sumary of radioactive emissions to athmosphere during 2007 and sumary of emissions within last 10 years are also included. Finaly, I deal with an analysis on the fulfilment of Euratom Commission demands for monitoring of gas emissions in the NPS Dukovany and I evaluate imperfections to be found during the proces of monitoring of gas emissions from the NPS Dukovany and I make some recommendatios for their correction and improvement of the monitoring. In conclusion, the NPS Dukovany fulfils demands of the czech legislation and decisions of SONS in the field of monitoring of gas emissions into atmosphere. The NPS Dukovany is aware of above mentioned imperfections and focuses on up-dating of measuring instruments in the course of investments, which are under preparation.
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Methods for the determination of radiological impact of the food chains
Tesař, Jakub ; Bartusková,, Miluše (referee) ; Havránková, Barbora (advisor)
The diploma work presents comprehensive overview of methods of determination of radiological impact on food chains. It describes the determination of radionuclides in groceries in common radiation situation and in unusual radiation situation. Practical part of the work presents two model radiation events. These are radiation event in the territory of Czech Republic and radiation event in the territory of other country and its impact on Czech Republic. In the end both model situations are compared.
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Risks connected with the release of radioactive substances during transports to nuclear medicine workplace.
HELEŠIC, Jiří
This thesis deals with analysis and evaluation of risks associated with the release of radioactive materials during the transport, eventual accidents and radiation load handling throughout the all transport chain to nuclear medicine workplace in relation to current legislation and technical support for the transported substances. The theoretical part is focused on describing the current state of these issues, the reasons for using the radionuclides in the Czech Republic, their transport and description of legislation associated with that all. The research part shows the analysis of the health risks of people who might come in contact with the release of radioactivity. Then the analysis solves such consequences. In this work we mapped out the production and use of artificial radionuclides, modes of transportation and its technical security and handling of radionuclides during the transport. We also present the research in some possible accident during the transport. As well as emergency readiness and procedures of the Integrated Rescue System. In discussion there are throughout the commentary compared the following: determined state laws transport safety, radiation burden and risks of transports. In conclusion we found out that the level of legislation and the radiation burden is at an acceptable level. The work comes with its own proposal for improving transportation safety of radionuclides in the Czech Republic and that is to introduce the rights-of-way to vehicles described above.
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Possible risks of abuse of radioactive materials from the former uranium ore processing plant MAPE Mydlovary.
ŘEPA, Libor
Possible risks of using radioactive materials are a highly discussed topic nowadays. This work is dealing with this problem and it is focused on possible risks of using radioactive materials from the ex-treatment plant of uranium ores MAPE Mydlovary. In introductory chapters I am describing the current state of ex-treatment plant of uranium ores. I am dealing with the history of operation of MAPE, information about sludge lagoons and about stored sediments in them and other characteristics concerning this operation. For years, sediments in which radionuclides are contained have been stored in treatment plants and that is why I am dealing with ionizing radiation. Because the topic is the using of radioactive materials which can be used mainly by terrorists, I am also describing this worldwide phenomenon of recent years where I first of all focused on super-terrorism using radioactive weapons, namely so-called ?dirty bombs?. The target of this work is to find out possibilities of using radioactive materials from the ex-treatment plant. Therefore I measured values of radioactivity and exposition of radiation at some places with the help of exploratory research. That meant sampling of soils and water and also measurement of power of dose equivalent of radiation gamma. After gathering information of needed radiation values I carried out simulation of possible using of radioactive materials from the premises MAPE. By means of dirty bomb I used the programme TerEx at using radioactive material. Then I carried out several calculations which were focused on inhalation, ingestion or outdoor radiation from radioactive materials and also calculation how much it is necessary to gain a significant source of ionizing radiation. From these sources I have deduced impacts for individuals, society or environment. Based on analysis and evaluation of given problems, my set hypothesis ?By using radioactive materials from the ex-treatment plant of uranium ores MAPE Mydlovary a serious threat to people will not occur? was confirmed. Results of my work can be used as a study material for completing and broadening knowledge about risks resulting from using radioactive materials. Further an increase of foreknowledge and explanation of certain consequences of ionizing radiation on humans from materials from the ex-treatment plant of uranium ores MAPE Mydlovary, for inhabitants of Mydlovary and surrounding areas and also useful information for lay and professional society which is interested in these problems.
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Active Particles at the Temelín NPP, Radiobiological Risks and Protective Precautions
KAŇKOVSKÝ, Josef
Active Particles at the Temelin NPP, Radiobiological Risks and Protective Precautions The term active particle (AC) was applied on Temelín NPP (ETE) in order to denominate small fragments of high radioactive matters, sized up to 1 millimeter, forming into primary circuit. In accordance with latest available know-how, the ACs major contains corrosion products, that were activated during passing through reactor core. After primary circuit opening, due to carry out outage works, the ACs will spread into ETE radiation controlled area. In proportion to their size, the ACs activity is relative high, so that the ACs can jeopard workers, who will contact them. This jeopardy is namely associated with AC penetration into organism - ingestion or inhalation. The main goal of this dissertation is to determine grounds of ACs occurence in Temelín NPP, to review ACs radiobiological risks and to evaluate procedures and protective aids, used for assurance of workers radiation protection. This dissertation is resuming actual know-how about ACs occured and occuring in Temelín NPP, including suggestions for radiation protection procedures and for protective aids utilization, that are to be used for reduction of above mentioned jeopardy. Next areas are concerned: - analysis of ACs forming and matters composition - description of ACs physical-radiation parameters - identification of main ACs sources in primary circuit - assesment and evaluation of radiobiological jeopardies, associated with ACs occurence in Temelín NPP radiation controlled area - assesment of procedures and protective aids used for protection of workers, who can be endangered by ACs
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Gasseous effluents of 14C from NPP Temelín
JANOVSKÝ, Daniel
Within the presented thesis there were collected data of effluents of 14C chemical forms from ventilation stacks of the Unit 1, the Unit 2 and the Auxiliary Building of the Temelin NPP for the period from 2001 to 2006. These data are compared to power of both reactors and concentration of ammonium ions in coolant of the primary circuit of the Unit 1 and Unit 2.
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Nuclear tests and their implications for public health and environmental quality
FABIÁN, Lubomír
The aim of this thesis is to give an overview of past nuclear testing and draw some conclusions regarding its potential implications on public health. The introduction presents all kinds of nuclear tests, the history of nuclear testing with respect to particular countries, provides the description of the kinds of ionizing radiation and protection against it as well as the biological effects of ionizing radiation on tissue. There is a part devoted to international treaties in this field ? The Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, The Threshold Test Ban Treaty and The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The summary of the number, the yield and the geographical distribution of the past atmospheric nuclear tests follows. There is an explanation of the global fallout mechanism of the radionuclides released, the estimates of emitted doses and the relationship between these doses and their probability of inducing cancer in the human body. The objective of this work is to make an assessment of the contribution of doses originating from nuclear testing to total population doses (irradiation) and subsequently quantify health implications for the population. The method of achieving this is based on calculating theoretical estimation of cancer incidence from known effective doses commitments and in comparison with those real incidences raised by all the different sources and reasons in world areas chosen, derived from the statistical data gathered from scientific studies and publications of international organizations involved. The outcome of this work is the confirmation of the first hypothesis that nuclear testing has statistic impact on enhancing the frequency of cancer disorders on the world population; however this is relatively small with respect to the other sources of radiation and a rate of naturally spontaneous (non-radiation-induced) cancer occurrence. Also the second hypothesis that underground nuclear tests have significantly smaller influence on public health and environment quality than the other kinds of nuclear tests is acknowledged.
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Independent monitoring of Nuclear power plant Temelin environs by Regional centrum of SONS České Budějovice. Project of independent monitoring NPPTE in the case of Emergency incident.
ZEMAN, Karel
The State Office for Nuclear Safety (SONS) and the National Radiation Protection Institute (NRPI) are involved in independent monitoring of surrounding areas of nuclear power plants (NPPs), in accordance with the Czech legislative requirements (Decree No. 319/2002 Coll. on radiation monitoring network (RMS), as amended by Decree No. 27/2006 Coll.). The monitoring includes surveillance of environmental samples, in which radionuclides can be detected in case of emergency event, i.e. radioactivity release from the NPP. Another part of the monitoring is measurement of photon dose equivalent, continuously in the air (early detection network - SVZ) or using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) placed in SONS monitoring points in the NPP vicinity. Environmental sampling and evaluation of photon dose equivalent in the air is carried out in regular intervals. The 137Cs and 131I activity is measured by gamaspectrometry method used with Gamat evaluation program, according to SONS internal procedure (VDMI). Tritium activity in surface water is measured by liquid scintillation spectrometer Beta TriCarb made by Canberra Packard Company, according to methodology CSN ISO 9698 (757635). Evaluation of dose equivalent rate is carried out continuously by LB 6360 proportional probe and LB 6500-3 Geiger-Muller tube located in RC Building in Ceske Budejovice. TLD evaluation is carried out by NRPI laboratory in Prague and the results are sent to SONS RC Ceske Budejovice. Goal of this work is to provide a set of results of the independent monitoring in surrounding areas of Temelin NPP (ETE) carried out between 1999 and 2009, by determination of volume, mass or surface activity of environmental samples (137Cs and 131I) and spot samples of water (3H) taken from SONS monitoring points near ETE . The set of such results should provide a baseline reference values for normal (pre-accident) situations. Additionally, based on the long term of the ETE surrounding surveillance, it can be shown that the ETE operation represents no threat to the health of the critical population group, and that the radiation situation in the ETE surrounding is stable. It can be also shown that the ETE operator meets requirements and conditions of authorized limits for discharging radionuclides into the environment. Procedures and method of independent environmental monitoring in the ETE surrounding during emergency events can be proposed on the basis of many years of experience with proven methodologies, experience with sampling locations, staffing and organization of measurement.
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Development of the Nuclear Medicine Field of Study (Didactic Programme)
BUČEK, František
The bachelor thesis explores the development of nuclear medicine in Czechoslovakia. The thesis recalls its present well-known specialists as well as founders of the field including the contemporaries Doc. MUDr. Bohuslav Vavrejn, Csc. and Prof. MUDr. Zdeněk Dienstbier, DrSc. whose memories were also used as resources by the author. The thesis describes the beginings of nuclear medicine in Czechoslovakia {--} the first application of radiopharmaceutical agents, creation of specialized centres, and becoming independent of the field upon approval of its first concept in 1964. This work also mentions problems initially dealt with by the field in terms of apparatus-based technical equipment, radiopharmaceutical agents and education. The foundation of the Czech Society for Nuclear Medicine is described, as well as cooperation with foreign institutions. Information on apparatus-based technical equipment import from abroad is included, particularly of the companies Nuclear Chicago and Picker, and also domestic production ranging from prototypes to serial production at research institutes or enterprises that included, for example, the Research Institute of Nuclear Technical Apparatuses Přemyšlení, TESLA Vráble, TESLA Brno and METRA Blansko. The bachelor thesis furthermore provides brief characteristics of radiopharmaceutical agents and a summary of present as well as no more used examination methods in nuclear medicine. Problems related to their initial use are described. Radiopharmaceutical agents were imported as early as in 1949 for the first time from France. Domestic production of radioisotopes began in Czechoslovakia at the end of the 50ies of the past century, located at Řež u Prahy. The thesis moreover outlines the concept of the field and legislation it is governed by. Individual types of centres are described, as well as educational requirements for the personnel. In conclusion, advantages of the field are assessed, its close relationship with new technical knowledge and development of apparatuses, such as the hybrid imaging devices PET/CT, SPECT/CT and molecular imaging. The thesis has also been adapted to an e-learning version where information contained in its written form are presented closer schematically and expanded upon for those interested.
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