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Vegetace vybraného úseku železnice a její význam pro ekosystém
Červenková, Jana
This thesis on the topic of Vegetation of the chosen section of the railway and its importance for the ecosystem deals with the generic composition of the weed on the rail. This thesis compares the differences in composition between different units of the railroad, compares the differences with the results from previous research, evaluates the representation of individual species from the perspective of the harmfulness of and from the perspective of the ecosystem. For the research was chosen the stretch between the towns Chrudim - Úhřetice. The species composition of weeds was carried out using phytocenological images in four periods: in July 2013, in August 2013, in July 2015 in August 2015. On the railway was found 100 species of plants. Observation was statistically evaluated by DCA and CCA analysis. The most coverage had: Potentilla reptans, Urtica dioica, Equisetum arvense, Arrhenatherum elatius, Rubus caesius, Clematis vitalba, Galium mollugo.
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Druhové složení vegetace ve vybrané vinici a její význam pro ekosystém
Vespalcová, Tereza
The aim of this thesis is to evaluate species structure of vegetation on vineyards. Observation was carried out on two seperate vineyards in one location, and in total at thirteen different points. Vegetation was evaluated via phytocenological images Evaluation took place over a period of three years (2014, 2015, 2016) during spring, summer and autumn. Observation was statistically evaluated by DCA and CCA analysis. At both vineyards a total of 58 species of plants were found. The largest coverage was with Lolium perenne L., Taraxacum sect. ruderalia Kirschner, H. Ollgaard et Štěpánek and Plantago lanceolata L. In the designated vineyard 1 the most common species found were: Plantago lanceolata L., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) SCOP, Taraxacum sect. ruderalia Kirschner, H. Ollgaard et Štěpánek. In the designated vineyard 2 these were the most commonly found weed species: Lolium perenne L., Taraxacum sect. ruderalia Kirschner, H. Ollgaard et Štěpánek, Plantago lanceolata L.
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Druhové zloženie vegetácie vo vybranom území mestského sídla
Malovcová, Monika
The aim of this diploma thesis is to evaluate species structure of vegetation in a chosen city. Three different localities (road, park and neighbourhood) were chosen in territory of Trnava. The evaluation of species structure was done by phytosociological relevés (20 m2). All found plant species were determined and their coverage was estimated. The evaluation was done in two months (june and august) in 2015. Acquired data was statistically evaluated by DCA and RDA analysis. Overall number of found species is 35. The most common plant species in neighbourhood were: Lolium perenne, Convolvulus arvensis, Trifolium repens, Hordeum murinum a Plantago lanceolata. The most common species in the park were: Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens, Acer platanoides, Plantago major, P. lanceolata. The most common species by road were: Elytrigia repens, Lolium perenne, Reseda lutea, Tripleurospermum inodoratum.
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Use of Festuca arundinacea for decorative lawns
Doskočil, Jan ; Svobodová, Miluše (advisor) ; Hrevušová, Zuzana (referee)
Use of Festuca arundinacea for decorative lawns
Summary
Festuca arundinacea is briefly bentgrass with broader and coarser leaves. Hardly perennial grass, native to Europe, is well known for its high resistance of dry weather, low intensity of maintenance and resistance of high use. These qualities gains thanks to its well-developed and deep root system, which is capable to gain water and nutrients from deeper parts of soil. Its use is in places with high use, like a race-course, edges of roads or vineyards alleyway. Today, in time of global warming, its usage becomes more important for park purposes and low-input turfs, where is its higher resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses, mainly against drought, utilized. Festuca arundinacea complement well with Poa pratensis in turf.
Goal of this work was to evaluate turfs with Festuca arundinacea and chosen grass species under different mowing frequency. According to hypothesis frequency shouldn´t affect turf coverage. Coverage should be same with different mixture composition with Festuca arundinacea.
The experiment was performed on experimental land of Czech university of Life Sciences Prague, Suchdol in 2015. Mixtures of Festuca arundinacea with Festuca rubra, Poa pratensis and Lolium perenne were seeded together with monocultures of these species in 2012. Mixture composition was 50/50 except mixture of Fesruca arundinacea and Poa pratensis, where the mixture was 75/25. There were conducted 63 plots, in 3 repetitions and in 3 different frequencies of mowing (by 14, 30 and 45 days). Each plot was 6 m2 big. The results were evaluated by analysis of variance ANOVA (P is smaller than 0.05) in program Statgraphics, version XV.
Influence of mixture composition to level of growth was significant. The highest level of growth has monoculture of Festuca arundinacea (10,6 cm). The lowest level of growth has monoculture of Lolium perenne (5,4 cm). Monoculture of Festuca arundinacea had the highest intensity of grow (0,07 cm/day) at 14-day frequency of moving. Lolium perenne has the lowest intensity of grow (0,02 cm/day). At 30-day frequency of mowing mixture of Festuca arundinacea with Poa pratensis has the highest intensity of grow (0,24 cm/day). The lowest intensity of grow has Lolium perenne (0,01 cm/day). The highest intensity of grow was at 45-day mowing frequency. The highest intensity of grow has mixture of Festuca arundinacea with Festuca rubra (0,75 cm/day). The lowest intensity of grow has monoculture of Lolium perenne (0,06 cm/day). Influence of mixture composition to coverage was statistically significant. The highest coverage has mixture of Festuca arundinace with Festuca rubra (81,3 %). The lowest coverage has monoculture of Lolium perenne (58,6%). Influence of frequency to level of growth was statistically significant. The highest level of growth has 45-day frequency of mowing (6 cm) and the lowest level of growth has 14-day frequency of mowing (3,8 cm). Influence of frequency to coverage was statistically significant. The highest coverage 14-day frequency of moving (76,5 %) and the lowest has 45-day frequency of growing (66,7 %).
The knowledge gained will be used for further compilation grass mixtures for park lawns. It turned out that it is better to prefer seeding mixtures with Festuca arundinacea than monocultures. To achieve high coverage and optimal intensity of growth with Festuca arundinacea was recommended to follow 30-day frequency of mowing.
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Study of diversity of weed communities in wide row crops in Podkrkonoší Region
Kocour, David ; Kolářová, Michaela (advisor) ; Václav, Václav (referee)
The main aim of the master's thesis was an assessment of weed communities in Podkrkonosi Region (the area underneath the Giant Mountains) (Pokrkonosi). The effect of the crop (maize, potatoes) and altitude with a particular focus on thermophilic weed specieshas been investigated.
The theoretical part outlines weed species referring to their significance, classification, harmfulness as well as benefits. The effect of climate changes, invasive plants, biodiversity and effect of temperature are discussed. Last part of the literary review is a brief description of model crops.
In the practical part of the thesis, soil and climate conditions of the locality are described. Furthermore, a term phytocoenology is introduced and the methodology of recording relevés and the data conversion are explained. Totally, 99 weed species out of 25 families were found (69 in maize, 85 in potatoes).
Chenopodium album agg., Echinochloa crus-galli and Fallopia convolvulus were the most frequent species in maize. The species with the highest cover were Fallopia convolvulus, Chenopodium album agg. and Echinochloa crus-galli.
Chenopodium album agg., Echinochloa crus-galli and Viola arvensis were the most frequent in potatoes. Chenopodium album agg., Fallopia convolvulus, Echinochloa crus-galli and Galinsoga quadriradiata can be classified as the weeds with the highest cover.
Euphorbia helioscopia and Sonchus arvensis were positively correlated with increasing altitude, while Amaranthus retroflexus, Solanum nigrum and Galinsoga quadriradiata were negatively correlated. Thlaspi arvense and Echinochloa crus-galli were characteristic species in maize, and Veronica persica, Galinsoga quadriradiata and Sonchus arvensis in potatoes.
It can be concluded that potatoes fields showed higher species richness than maize, especially in higher altitudes. Maize was characterized by narrow weed spectrum with few predominating species. The tested hypothesis was confirmed and a statistically significant effect of altitude on the occurrence of thermophilic weed species has been found.
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Properties of selected varieties of tall fescue and their utilization for Lawns
Zachař, Jakub ; Svobodová, Miluše (advisor) ; Klára, Klára (referee)
Grass and its cultivation is being explored in breeding and maintenance for many years. The theme of this thesis is the evaluation of fifteen varieties Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), which is a hardy robust species with short underground projections, curled leaf composition, wide, very rigid, reverse side rough and shiny on the cheek and fluted leaves. It tillers extravaginal and creates a dense turf. Its great advantage is the strong root system and certain symbiosis (mutualism) with a fungus of the genus Endophyte Neotyphodium, making it resistant to a variety of stresses. The aim is to detect differences intervarietal Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), Which the Czech Republic is not yet used in the monitored indicators (coverage, color, texture, height stand in a certain time interval, the overall impression). In the future, we can expect increased demand for socalled. low input lawn, because of their tolerance to drought, high and low temperatures and diseases, and especially due to the low need for inputs.
The next chapter describes the properties of each of the individual varieties of tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb . ) , which are: Barcesar , Barfelix , Barlexas , Barleroy , Cochise , Debussy , Fine Lawn, Galatea , Kontiki , Olympic Gold , Rembrandt , Regiment , Starlett , Palladium and Zuzana.
An attempt was founded in late August of 2012 a demonstration and experimental plot in the immediate vicinity of the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague Suchdol, using 15 varieties of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Each variety was planted on a plot measuring 1 x 1 meter (one square meter), while calibrating 35 g per m2 in triplicate. Only varieties Barfelix (BF) were sown only in duplicate. Values are obtained climatic conditions at a given for 2014, 2015 and the long term average. The average temperature for the year 2014 was 10.7 ° C and 2015 it was 10.8 ° C which shows that compared to the long term average for those two years the average temperature of almost 2 ° C higher. Annual precipitation for the year 2014 amounted to 571.4 millimeters, which is more than 45 mm more than the long term average, but the annual rainfall for 2015 was only 370.6 millimeters, which is more than 200 mm less than the long term average . 2015 is generally ranked the driest years ever. Measurements were taken every 14 days and a total of 8 measurements were performed, the first measurements were made on 21 May 2015. Since that date, followed by
a total of 5 measurements, namely to July 21, 2015. After that date, followed by a nearly two month break because of the long lasting droughts. For individual varieties of tall fescue were performed in triplicate measurements of height increase in the crop, according to the method EN 735 933 determination of sward height of natural turf. Furthermore, coverage was measured (resistance to weed) according to method EN 735 930 Method C using the points of the frame. Spot frame was in this case replaced by a string measuring 100 cm long split 5 cm, whereby on each parcelce 1x1m were two repetitions.
Results were evaluated using the statistical program ANOVA (LSD, "alfa" = 0.05). Varieties of Paladium (88.3%), Kontiki (87.5) and Zuzana (87.5%) had the highest coverage demonstrably compared to all other varieties. On the contrary, the worst results in a variety of coverage reached Debussy (82.5%), Barfelix (83.3%) and Regiment (83.3%). Conclusive were the differences between other varieties. Olympic Gold varieties (85.8%), Barleroy (85.8%), Cochise (86.7%) and Barcesar (86.7%) were Although demonstrably inferior varieties of palladium, Kontiki and Susan, but also have a palpably better than varieties Barlexas (84.2%), Fine Lawn (84.2%), Starlett (85%), Rembrandt (85%) and Galatea (85%), but which were thus demonstrably better than varieties Debussy Barfelix and Regiment. Variety Fine Lawn conclusively reached its greatest values in growth rate and height above ground organs. When the average height was 6.4 cm in the dry season, however, showed no increase and vice versa suffered from drought, while significantly lowest results in this regard amounted to a variety of Paladium, which reached an average height of only 4.4 cm, which when mowing to 4 cm represents an average increase of just 0.4 cm. The varieties are fully resistant to stress, in the form of drought and high temperatures (Barfelix, Barlexas, Barleroy, Debussy, Galatea, Rembrandt and Starlett), less tolerant (Cochise, Zuzana) and some show no tolerance and conversely, suffer from drought (Barcesar, Fine Lawn , Kondiky, Olympic Gold, Paladium and Regiment). For all varieties was seen very good recovery after a stressful period.
It has been proven that the different varieties of tall fescue from each other in some respects differ , and a wide choice is thus able to fill in a diverse range of applications tall fescue all various environmental conditions or conditions of intensity of cultivation , while its use is possible in increasingly mentioned system low input grassland.
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Biology, seed characteristics and growth establishment of comfrey (\kur{Symphytum officinale }L.)
KOVÁŘOVÁ, Jaroslava
The thesis titled "Biology, seed characteristics and growth establishment of common comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.)" dealt with the evaluation methods of reproduction comfrey and evaluation of the impact of environmental conditions to the grow of comfrey. Further it dealt with germination tests and their statistical evaluation while respecting the specific work with seeds. They were evaluated seed characteristics, which are reflected in the growth of these plants arising both in soil and in a laboratory environment. Literary part gave information about biology, characteristics, morphology, prevention and regulation of comfrey even more its cultivation, nutrition of the grassland and seed characteristics, germination and dormancy. In the final section of work was monitored coverage, botanical images, representation of herbaceous species growing near comfrey. The study also discussed vernalization, size of comfrey leaves, growth and development depending on the content of nutrients (soil fertility) and water in the soil and on the number of cuts to its growth. There were designed a suitable ways of reproduction and growing of comfrey.
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Vyhodnocení druhového složení vegetace ve vybraném ovocném sadu
Ježová, Markéta
The aim of this study was to determine the species composition of weeds in the cherry orchard. The orchard is situated in the cadastral area of Žabčice. The composition was evaluated using by phytoceonological reléves at three various locations - fallow, space close to the tree trunk and grass-cover space between rows. The evaluation was carried out in 2014 in three seasoning - in the spring, summer and autumn. The results were statistically processed by Multivariate Analysis of Environmental Data DCA and CCA. Species with the highest coverage in fallow were: Stellaria media, Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia, Amaranthus spp., Chenopodium album, Setaria viridis, Veronica hederifolia and Echinochloa crus-galli. Weeds with the highest coverage in space close to the tree trunk were: Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia, Stellaria media, Bromus spp., Chenopodium album, Erodium cicutarium and Capsella bursa-pastoris. The highest covers in grass-cover space between rows were: Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia, Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis, Festuca spp., Bromus spp., Arrhenatherum elatius, Stellaria media and Conyza canadensis. Overall, 43 plant species were found in the orchard.
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Development of permanent grassland after sowing arable land
CÁBOVÁ, Lenka
Three unnamed locations were monitored in the eastern part of the Šumavské and Novohradské Foothills in the Southern Bohemia, the district of Český Krumlov. An arable land was grassed with permanent clover-grass mixture consisting of seven grass species and one clover species. The aim of my bachelor thesis was to evaluate the development of grasslands after sowing of the arable land. It was very interesting to see how the vegetation is getting involved with and gradually being enriched with other species. The average coverage rate of the herb layer, the average number of species in the herb layer and the average forage value were monitored. At the time of the phytosociological monitoring, the vegetation at the site was six years old at the location 1, or three years old at the locations 2 and 3. The phytosociological mapping was performed to capture the spring, summer and autumn aspect. By evaluating the results, it was found out that the oldest site 1 has the lowest coverage rate of grasses and a too high coverage rate of clovers and herbs. This site also shows the lowest average number of species and foraging value compared to other locations. All three sites have shown an enormous spreading of the dandelion in the vegetation. The coverage rate of the sown grass species decreased in almost all localities, except for the meadow fescue at the location 2 and the smooth meadow-grass on the location 1. The coverage rate of the sown red clover has increased only at the location 1. The total disappearance of Italian rye-grass from the vegetation was recorded at all three sites. The monitored sites are still very young, so we can expect a further stabilization and vegetation succession in approximately 10 years. It is evident from the obtained results that the species composition of the sites is influenced both by the manner of management (mowing), by the age of the vegetation, by its establishment and also by succession.
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Složení druhového spektra plevelů na vybraném úseku železnice
Červenková, Jana
This thesis is focused on the evaluation of the species composition of the weed on the selected section of the railway between the towns of Chrudim - Úhřetice. The composition of the type of the spectrum of weeds was evaluated due to phytocenological images. It was made eleven phytocenological images in two periods, the first was in July and the second in August 2013. Observation was statistically evaluated by DCA and CCA analysis. On the railway was found 85 species of plants. The most coverage had: Potentilla reptans, Urtica dioica, Equisetum arvense, Convolvulus arvensis. On the used railway the most coverage had: Equisetum arvense, Urtica dioica, Potentilla reptans, Convolvulus arvensis. On the unused railway the most coverage had: Potentilla reptans, Clematis vitalba, Linaria vulgaris, Senecio vulgaris, Geum urbanum.
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