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Fraud in clinical trials in terms of ethics and law
Jedličková, Anetta ; Haškovcová, Helena (advisor) ; Prudký, Libor (referee) ; Strnadová, Věra (referee)
The subject of my dissertation is fraud in clinical trials in terms of ethics and law. The aim of my research was to analyze the frequency of fraud in clinical trials of a given sample of data collected, identify the main fraudsters and to analyze the causes that led participants in clinical trials to commit fraud. In the theoretical part of my dissertation I defined the concepts of clinical trials, deception, ethical issues and the relevant legal framework. The practical part contains the results of the data analysis of the incidence and causes of fraud, the main actors of fraud and conception of recommendations, which appears to be essential for the prevention of fraud in clinical trials. The data analysis and participant observation show that during 107 GCP (Good Glinical Practice) audits conducted during the period of 2008-2013 in 22 countries, 14 revelations of fraud in clinical trials were identified, which represents 13.1 %. Most often fraud was committed by investigators, a total of 47.6 % of all observed groups of cheating clinical trial participants. The main causes that led investigators to commit fraud represent a lack of eligible patients, financial gain and personality traits. Based on the results obtained during my research I highlighted in the practical part of my dissertation the ethical...
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Selenium as a cancer-protective agent
Nedvědová, Magdaléna ; Schierová, Michaela (advisor) ; Španielová, Hana (referee)
Selenium plays an important role in cancer prevention and treatment. Selenoproteins, mainly thioredoxin reductase and glutathion peroxidase, are involved in the antioxidative defense system. Sodium selenite in physiologic concentrations blocks apoptosis. Selenomethionin takes part in DNA repair and protects cells from DNA damage. Selenium toxicity is used for cancer treatment. Sodium selenite in high concentrations induces apoptosis in tumor cells and also causes DNA damage. Selenomethionin and sodium selenite in high concentrations inhibit metastasis due to regulation of gene expression for collagen. Selenium inhibits angiogenesis, because it decreases vesicular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) amount in tumor cells. Thioredoxin reductase protects normal as well as tumor cells. Inhibitors of its activity are used for cancer treatment. Clinical trials estabilished, that low selenium intake increases the risk of cancer.
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