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Morphological characteristics of alterations in lungs in a mouse model of atherosclerosis.
Vyskočilová, Martina ; Němečková, Ivana (advisor) ; Blažíčková, Kateřina (referee)
Bachelor thesis Morphological characteristics of alterations in lungs in a mouse model of atherosclerosis Author: Martina Vyskočilová Study course: Medical laboratory technician Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Background: Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease caused by deposition of blood lipids into the intima layer of blood vessels. Due to the fact that process of atherogenesis is associated with immune reactions, disease is considered as an inflammatory process. Atherosclerotic plaques rarely affect pulmonary arteries, where this condition is accompanied by an increase of pulmonary pressure, which is very likely the trigger of disease. Aim of this study is to find out whether there are morphological changes in the lungs of ApoE/LDLr-/- mouse model of atherosclerosis, characteristic for pulmonary atherosclerosis, compared to lungs of healthy mice. Methods: Lungs of ApoE/LDLr-/- and healthy C57BL/6J control mice have been fixed in 4% neutral formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and sliced into 4 μm thin sections. One of the sections has been stained with hematoxylin-eosin, the other one with green trichrome. Staining with hematoxylin-eosin is primary staining used for basic imaging of histological structure of tissues, staining with green trichrome is used for imaging...
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Analysis of legalizing financial compensation on the kidney market: Iranian case and its application on the Czech Republic during 2006-2015
Cachnín, Patrik ; Procházka, Pavel (advisor) ; Barák, Vladimír (referee)
The bachelor's thesis deals with the Iranian system of kidney trade, whose de facto legalization in 1988 allows to analyze important aspects of this solution to the shortage of kidneys. The Iranian case has not confirmed the common concern of opponents of the monetary compensations for the kidney donation about displacement of the altruistic and cadaveric donors after the sale legalization. The work also refuses the hypothesis which states that market legalization puts poor patients at a disadvantage and favours the rich patients. The Iranian case documents improvement of the situation for all patients. Application of the Iranian system to the Czech Republic is carried out in the main part of the work, and the impact of the introduction of the system with legalized monetary compensations on the expenses in the health care system in the years 2006-2015 is calculated via the cost-benefit analysis. The result is a positive balance of the total amount CZK 4.2-5.1 billion in favour of introducing this system.
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Evalution of renal function in patient with urinary obstrution
PLOCKOVÁ, Irena
Kidneys, ranking among the most important organs of the human body, have been affected with various diseases. Some of these diseases slow down or completely stop the elimination of urine from the kidneys. In this study, I focused on patients with such problems. A sample of 41 patients with a physiological urine elimination and a disorder of urine elimination was selected from those having visited the Clinic of Nuclear Medicine (CNM) of the University Hospital (UH) in Brno within the period of 3 months. Tmax, T1/2, MTT and a part of single kidney function from the overall renal activity were determined in all these patients. The patients were examined in accordance with the valid SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures) prepared for the personal and instrument conditions of the CNM UH Brno. A dynamic renal scintigraphy was performed under the using of MB 9200 gammacamera with LEAP collimator and DIAG evaluation equipment. After an intravenous application of 75 ? 200 MBq 99mMAG3, we initiated acquisition (1 scintigram in 20 seconds) over a total period of 20 minutes. Tmax, T1/2 and the separated renal function were evaluated as a standard. MTT (Mean Transit Time) was evaluated for the purpose of this study. Based on the acquired data, we compared both groups of patients because the aim of this study was to confirm or disprove the hypothesis saying that Tmax and T1/2 cannot be evaluated in patients with obstructive type of the curve. These values cannot be used to describe the function of renal parenchyma. The used statistical methods have shown that the age is a statistically insignificant parameter, while the statistical significance of Tmax. And MTT was confirmed. Measurement results and conclusions of this study will be used for constitution of new new SOPs for the dynamic renal scintigraphy at the Clinic of Nuclear Medicine of the University Hospital in Brno. Furthermore, the measurement results and conclusions will be published and presented to scientific public at congresses.
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Specifics of nursing care in dialysis children
BUDÍNOVÁ, Eva
Dialysis treatment is demanding for adult patients let alone for children. The families can have financial problems and the relations within the family are disrupted. The school attendance of children on dialysis is affected by the treatment. Because of the insertion of a peritoneal catheter and the necessity to wear a mouthpiece among other children the children can feel "different". The aim of the thesis is to determine the needs of child patients on dialysis and the views of their families regarding the illnesses and the dialysis treatment. A further goal was to examine the life of the dialysed children and their families with regards to social elements and how the dialysed children perceive the treatment. We have set down five questions. How do the dialysed children and their families adapt? How does dialysis of the child patients affect their families? How do the dialysed children perceive their illness? What information do the children have about their medical condition? What is the difference between the children with inherent and acquired illness? A qualitative research was used to assess the data acquired by semi-structured interviews. Two sets of questions for the dialysed children and their parents were created for the interviews. The interviews helped to find out how the children spend their time and how they perceive their regular visits to the dialysis centres and the process of dialysis itself. The questions for parents focused on issues regarding family, personal and social situations and the life of their dialysed children. The first research group was composed of 8 children of different ages and the criterion for including them into the group was their treatment by elimination methods. The second research group was formed by 8 parents who regularly accompany their children to the dialysis centres. The research group thus represented 53 % of the possible respondents in the Czech Republic. The chapter on data categorization defines several issues that were most problematic for the respondents. The information acquired from children and parents show that the children in the chronic dialysis program and their parents are subject to involuntary changes in their lives. The changes affect the social inclusion of the children, relations within the family; the school attendance of the children is limited due to their visits of the dialysis centres or hospitalisations. The children are separated from their families, peers and the financial situation is of the family is also affected as the mother often has to stay at home and take care of the child. There are, of course, efforts to improve not only the results of the treatment but also the subjective perception of the patient. The results of the research indicate that the children treated by peritoneal dialysis have thanks to better time options more opportunities to join a collective e.g. in school. An interesting fact is that the children often handle the dialysis process better than their parents because they support their children who rely on them. This thesis should help not only the medical staff in everyday contact with dialysed patients but can also serve as a basis for improvement in other areas of care of chronically ill children. Chapter Recommendations for practice lists sets of activities that with the help of the whole team of doctors and non-doctors contribute to the treatment. The care must always revolve around the question "What can I do to help"? The most important areas are psychical suffering of the children and their families, the dialysed patients? discomfort, dietary restrictions and problematical areas of care.
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Nutrition of dialysis patient
ŠIKOLOVÁ, Nela
My Bachelor's thesis ,,Nutrition of dialyzed patient" is divided into two parts, the theoretical and practical one. The theoretical one consists of eight chapters. The first chapter deals with kidney anatomy. I briefly describe the shape, size, position and vascular supply to kidneys. I also mention the basic functional unit - nephron, as well as primary and final urine creation which is connected with it. The second chapter is focused on three main kidney functions. The first one is excretory which means elimination of waste and extraneous substances. The second function is metabolic when kidneys participate in managing ions and water in the body and thus they keep homeostasis of internal environment. The third function is endocrine; in the course of this function, kidneys secrete renin, kallikrein, prostaglandins, and erythropoetin and they participate in vitamin D metabolism and degradation of insulin. In the third chapter I characterize kidney diseases and I try to reveal the main causes of their formation. I specifically deal with primary and secondary glomerulopathy, acute, sub-acute and chronic glomerulonephritis. The conclusion of this chapter is devoted to acute and chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis; moreover I mention the most frequent hereditary kidney diseases. In the fourth chapter, I describe renal insufficiency and renal failure which is divided into acute and chronic. Acute renal failure is divided according to its main cause into pre-renal (functional), renal (impairment of renal parenchyma) and post-renal (urological). Chronic renal failure is divided according to KDOQI classification into five stages. The fifth chapter is devoted to metabolic effects (consequences) of renal diseases when the impairment of excretory, metabolic and endocrine renal function occurs (endocrine renal function influences all our body). I aim at acid-base disturbances, water and electrolyte metabolism, calcium-phosphate metabolism, hormonal function, metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and trace elements. In the sixth chapter, I illustrate the diversity of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration and peritoneal dialysis. In the seventh chapter, I mention a kidney transplant, which is possible from a living donor or cadaver program. The eight chapter is the core of my Bachelor?s work. I deal with dietary and lifestyle changes in patients before a dialysis therapy, during dialysis therapy, and after a kidney transplant. For the practical part, I have chosen some methods of quantitative research. The purpose of the research part was to investigate awareness of dietary regime and how the respondents (patients in chronic dialysis programme in the Hospital in České Budějovice, a.s.) comply with it. I have stated the research question as follows ,,How do dialysed patients comply with dietary regime?". I have applied a method of data gathering which was carried out by means of an anonymous questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 28 questions, out of which 12 questions are close and 16 are open. The starting point for the evaluation of results of following dialysis regime was questions number 6 to 27. Out of 22 questions, the respondent who follows the diet should have replied 12 and more questions correctly. The results based on a sample population have shown that 25 respondents on dialysis do not follow the dietary regime, while only 15 respondents do follow it. If the dialysis diet is not kept, not only the prognosis of treatment is negatively affected, but first of all medical condition of the patient is being aggravated. To address this problem, I recommend a consultation with a nutrition therapist who would thoroughly educate the patient, especially in terms of main principles in dialysis treatment. The therapist would also compile a diet individually for each patient based on their actual medical condition.
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The Rules of a Healthy Diet and the Dietary Measures for Dealing with Relapsing Infections of the Urinary Tract and Kidneys.
VYSKOČILOVÁ, Andrea
The theoretical part of the thesis presents the current knowledge about functional anatomy and pathology of kidneys and the urinary tract, infections of the urinary tract, their etiopathogenesis, epidemiology and classification. The thesis also describes the issue of the diet therapy in nephrology, namely the general principles of dietary measures, a diet to deal with acute and chronic infections, and prevention through diet. The practical part deals with a quantitative research. The data were collected by the method of inquiring, using a technique of questionnaires. The research results show whether the respondents, i.e. patients suffering from relapsing infections of the urinary tract, are aware of the appropriate dietary regimen and of the fluid intake, suitable and unsuitable kinds of fluids, as well as the diet composition and the meals that are recommended for exclusion from the diet. The data obtained in the actual research demonstrated insufficient knowledge of patients suffering from infections of the urinary tract about dietary measures, and disconfirmed the main hypothesis.
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