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Sexual dimorphism of rat gut microbiota composition and intestinal immunity
Kalousová, Pavla ; Kovařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Jílek, Petr (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Candidate: Pavla Kalousová Supervisor: PharmDr. Miroslav Kovařík, Ph.D. Title: Sexual dimorphism of rat gut microbiota composition and intestinal immunity Background and Aim: Many factors can influence the composition of gut microbiota and the immune system. It is well-known that one of those factors is sex. This sexual dimorphism can lead to a specifically adjusted treatment of diseases for different gender and nutritional interventions. This study focuses on analysing sexual differences in gut microbiota and intestinal immunity in adult rats. Methods: Caecal content from 12-week-old female and male Wistar rats were collected and analysed by DNA-sequencing technique to characterize microbiota composition. ELISA test was performed to quantify the concentration of IgA in faeces and gut wash. Flow cytometry determined the concentration of IgA-coating bacteria in faecal samples. Results: Metagenomic analysis revealed that female gender presents 1 phylum, 4 families, 13 genera, and 13 species which are not present in male rats. Only one male-specific colonization was observed at the species level. Quantitative analysis showed a higher proportion of Firmicutes phylum in males which was associated with...
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Endoparazitózy skotu ve vybraných chovech Moravskoslezského kraje
Ručková, Amálie
Raising cattle is one of the key factors in animal production. The main products are milk, meat and manure. It is very important to ensure good conditions for breeding and veterinary prevention to avoid economic losses and keep the profitability. The main goal of the thesis was to compare appearance of endoparasites in cattle on two selected farms in Moravian-Silesian region, in respect of breeding technique and technology used on this farms. Between the years 2014-15 samples of feaces was collected in random intervals on both farms from combined and milk breeds. There was collected 300 samples in total from both farms. On the first farm group of cattle, which consisted of holstein milk breed, was raised without the access to pasture. On the second farm the group of cattle B,which consisted of Fleckvieh Breed, had access to pasture whole year except the winter months. The samples were collected into plastic containers mostly in fresh state. The samples were analyzed by non-invasive coprological flotation method by Brezy. Each findings of parasites were classified into classes and the intensity of infection and prevalence of parasites was determined in individual farms. In the herd (A) were diagnosed coccodias with a prevalence of 6 %, 3 % Ostertagia and Cooperia 1%. In the herd (B) were recorded prevalence of coccodias 9 %, Trichostronglus 13 %, Ostertagia 33 %, Cooperia 1 %, Oesophagostomum 3%, Trichuris 4 % and Capillaria with prevalence of 2 %. In any of these herd no flukes and tapeworms were found. Overall the prevalence and intensity of infection of cattle endoparasites were very low during the research.
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Pollution produced carp general, depending on the fullness of the digestive tract.
HAVLÍNOVÁ, Šárka
The aim of my bachelor thesis was to determine and compare the differences in the levels of pollution produced by fish through their metabolic activities depending on the fullness of their digestive tract. The pollution production was detected in 4 groups of fry of the common carp: 1) the fish had no access to food for 2 days before the beginning of the experiment; 2) the fish did not eat for 10 days before the beginning of the experiment; 3) the fish had a limited food intake (pellets KP1) before the beginning of the experiment; 4) the fish accepted spontaneously feed (2% by weight of the stock). The experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions. In the beginning of the experiment, the fish of individual groups and known weight were placed in experimental aquariums filled with 20 l of tap water. The experiments took 24 hours and after that the fish were moved back into its origin tank. Water from the experimental aquariums was filtered through a screen with 40 micrometr mesh size. Both, filtered water ("aqueous phase excrements") and solids ("solid phase excrements") were analysed. Solids were analysed for a content of dry matter, total phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). Filtered water was analysed for a concentration of suspended solids, total nitrogen, total ammonia, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (CODMn, and CODCr) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). Aqueous phase excrements was filtered again through a glass filter (1.2 micrometr) and the filtrate was analysed for concentration of ammonia nitrogen [N (NH3 + NH4+)], nitrate nitrogen [N-NO3-] and orthophosphate phosphorus [P-PO43-]. Pollution detected in solids and in filtered water was related to 1 kg of live weight of fish per day. The parameters characterizing pollution excreted by fish achieved in the 4th group i.e. fish, which accepted spontaneously feed the highest values. The fish of this group secreted on average of 4,154 mg.kg-1.day-1 of suspended solids (particles 1.2 micrometr), 105,5 mg.kg-1.day-1 of total phosphorus and 1,342 mg.kg-1.day-1 of total nitrogen. In the aqueous phase excrements, there was detected on average of 637 mg.kg-1.day-1 of ammonia nitrogen 4.9 mg.kg-1.day-1 of phosphate phosphorus.4,561 mg.kg-1.day-1 of CODCr, 2,634 mg.kg-1.day- 1 of BOD5. The values detected in the other groups were times lower.
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Microscopic fungi in caves and other underground shelters
Horáková, Karolína ; Kubátová, Alena (advisor) ; Hujslová, Martina (referee)
This Bachelor thesis is meant as a literature search concerned with diversity of microscopic fungi in caves, prospectively in underground spaces which were made by humankind. The caves represent unique environment for living organisms which is characteristic with specific microclimatic conditions and with deficient sources of nutrients. I have concentrated my focus to micromycetes which were isolated from sediments, atmosphere, dead insect and excrements in caves. The next part of my Bachelor thesis is aimed at species Geomyces destructans which causes so called white-nose syndrome illness - geomycosis on hibernating bats. It is an actual problem which interests scientists such as mycologists, zoologists and parasitologists.
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Optimization of microclimate parameters in dairy farms, while reducing the energy consumption of selected technological systems
Češpiva, Miroslav ; Pecen, Josef (advisor) ; Ján, Ján (referee)
Thesis is focused on the measurement and evaluation of microclimate parameters in barns for dairy farming and the determination of the energy consumptions of selected technologies in these barns. The aim of this work was to design and eventually to implement adjustments in order to improve the parameters of cowshed microclimate and reducing the energy consumption of selected technologies in depends on results of the measurements. Three structurally different cowsheds with different slurry clearing technologies were selected for monitoring. I focused on the measurement of temperature and relative humidity in relation to temperature- humidity index and its impact on heat stress on dairy cows. I measured airflow in the cowsheds and I determinate concentrations and emissions of ammonia and methane in the cowsheds in different seasons. I monitored light intensity in the cowsheds and I determined the dependence of building solutions on the use of outdoor light to illuminate the interior of the barns. The energy consumption of the lighting system depending on the season and the consumption of additional fans on the air temperature were studied.
On the bases of results of the experimental part I designed and implemented lighting system, controlled by light intensity in a cowshed and energy-saving ventilation in the cowshed - type K105. I suggested a system of continuously monitoring of climatic parameters in the cowshed with immediate calculation of temperature- humidity index.
Measurements have shown the dependence of gases concentrations on the way of slurry clearing technologies. The building solutions of cowsheds and type of ventilation proved a significant influence on the temperature- humidity index during the summer.
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Utilization of biomass energy
Horváth, Martin ; Bok, Jaromír (referee) ; Procházka, Zdeněk (advisor)
Restoring sources of a energy and their development brings questions how these can be these sources the best utilized. The main aim of my bachelor`s thesis is an acquainted with methods of biomass conversion to energetic potential and his advantage. Than is mentioned proper project of the biogas plant and calculation of produced electric energy quantity in select cogeneration unit base on data on specific excrements production bred pigs and biogas production from slurry. The result is a variant evaluation of economy of the biogas plant operation for agricultural enterprise according to number of bred pigs and possibility of electric energy utilization.
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The role of Felidae in the environmental dissemination of human pathogenic unicelular parasites
GRYM, Ondřej
One hundred cats at different levels of habituation, house kept and free living, from Czech republic were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium, Encephalitozoon spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi to consider the risk of close human - cat contact on cryptosporidial and microsporidial infections. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Encephalitozoon, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cats was determined from fecal specimens by genus-specific PCR. All PCR-positive specimens were sequenced to determine the genotype present. Out of 100 cats, three (3 %) were positive for Cryptosporidium, namely C. felis. Nine cats (9 %) were infected with E. bieneusi genotype D. None out of 35 house kept cats was infected with any tested parasites. No effect of age of animals on occurrence both Cryptosporidium and microsporidia was proved. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the presence of zoonotic species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium, and E. bieneusi in cats in the Czech republic.
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Comparison of gut parasites incidence on chosen farms
HUBENÁ, Lucie
The main goal of the thesis was to compare prevalence of intestinal parasites of cattle in farms using different technologies of breeding, and evaluation of the obtained data. Irregularly, from spring to autumn 2010, faeces samples of dairy and meat cattle were collected from the chosen farms. A total of 425 samples of cows from three farms was collected. Two of the three breeds (herd A and B) consisted of Holstein and Fleckvieh Breed, first of the herds was pastured. The third herd (C) was of Limousine breed and was pastured whole season. The samples were collected in plastic containers in fresh state. In the examined samples, gut parasites of genus Eimeria and helminthes of the family Trichostrongylidae were diagnosed. In the herd A, no intestinal parasites were found. The most common parasites diagnosed in the herd B were coccidia (38%). Helminths of family Trichostrongylidae were also diagnosed (16,6%). In the herd C, both coccidia of the genus Eimeria and parasitic helminths were found (thirs prevalence was 38% and 26%, respectively). Seasonal dynamics of the parasites was also monitored, a descending trend was detected from summer to autumn. Prevalence in the herd B was 64% in summer, 58% in autumn, in the herd C were the respective prevalences 66% and 70%.
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The influence of pasture on biodiversity of invertebrates in sub-mountain localities - coprophagous beetles
SVOBODA, Lukáš
The effect of the pasture management on dung beetle communities was studied on three sites in Šumava Mts. (South and West Bohemia). The intensity of pasturing was different: 78 cattle on the first, 106 on the second and 162 on the third pasture. The beetles were collected using pitfall traps baited by 1.5 litres of fresh cattle dung. The traps were located on each pasture. Altogether 3 traps were used per each pasture. The pitfall traps were exposed in the pasture for 7 days in monthly repetitions from April to October 2008. Totally 8725 specimen and 33 species of beetles were collected. These species belong to families Scarabaeidae,Geotrupidae and Hydrophilidae. The number of species and individuals was evaluated for each pasture, as well as seasonal dynamics and biomass distribution. The results indicate that the more intensive pasturing has the positive effect on the activity of some groups of coprophagous beetles.Other effects of the different pasture management on the beetles were not documented.
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