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Radiotherapy bone metastases
ŠIMKOVÁ, Kristina
This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of diagnosis and treatment of bone metastases. Radiotherapy is a key element in the therapy of bone metastases, serving to relieve pain and improve the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer. The theoretical part reviews the available literature on the structure of bone, description of the diagnosis of bone metastases, and their subsequent treatment. The aim of the bachelor thesis was to answer research questions. The practical part focused on quantitative research. For the purposes of the research, research questions were first established, followed by data collection necessary to answer them at the radiotherapy department of the hospital in České Budějovice for the years 2021, 2022, and 2023. Hospital information system NIS was used to obtain patient information and the nature of their illness, and also the Aria planning system to verify information on irradiation techniques and applied doses. The research study included 224 patients. The collected data were then visualized using tables and graphs to facilitate comparison. From the results of the practical part, it was apparent that bone metastases of patients treated with radiotherapy at the hospital in České Budějovice most commonly affected the spine, pelvis, and long bones. The age range was diverse, but the issue of bone metastases mostly concerned patients in the age range of 60-80 years. The applied hypofractionation regimen was chosen considering the location of the metastasis and the patient's current condition. The resulting data and their analysis can serve as feedback to the staff of the respective radiotherapy department. The theoretical processing of the thesis can be used as a framework educational material for students of the field of radiological assistance at ZSF.
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Use of thin layer chromatography for fractionation of humic substances isolated from oxyhumolite
Hegrová, Nela ; Doskočil, Leoš (referee) ; Enev, Vojtěch (advisor)
The main goal of this thesis was to optimize the fractionation of humic substances (HS) using the method of Thin-layer chromatography, so that it can be used for physico-chemical characterization of the obtained individual organic fractions. Due to the high content of HS in the natural oxyhumolite matrix this oxidized brown coal was selected as a source of these biocolloid compounds which were isolated according to the international IHSS procedure. The sample of native oxyhumolite and oxyhumolite after extraction was characterized by thermal techniques such as thermogravimetric (TGA) and elemental analysis (EA). The above-mentioned oxyhumolite samples were further analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mainly for deeper understanding of their structure in terms of an organic matrix containing HS. Characterization of isolated HSs was performed by the following thermochemical and spectrometric techniques, elemental analysis, thermogravimetry, ultraviolet and visible electromagnetic absorption (UV/Vis) molecular spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. Molecular absorption spectroscopy (UV/Vis) and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy were used for physicochemical characterization of individual organic fractions.
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Speciation and fractionation analysis of metals in agricultural soils
Lepař, Petr ; Mládková, Zuzana (referee) ; Diviš, Pavel (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the procedures and analytical techniques associated with speciation analysis and fractionation of metals in agricultural soils. The first part defines the basic concepts related to speciation, fractionation, soils and elements contained within it. The following chapters describe procedures of samples withdrawal and its adjustment including a description of some methods used for the purpose of extraction, fractionation and speciation analysis. The last chapter is devoted to listing of some separation techniques and instrumental methods used for the purposes of speciation and fractionation.
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The radio therapy process planning
Slavíček, Tomáš ; Kolářová, Jana (referee) ; Hrozek, Jan (advisor)
This thesis aims to bring reader to the problems of radiotherapy, to give him an overview of basic principles and methods used to treat patients with cancer by ionizing radiation. The first part is devoted to the physical description of radiation and means of quantification. Interactions of radiation with matter are discussed next following with characterization of radiation effects on living cells and tissues. In the next part there is a description of the devices used in the treatment by ionizing radiation and an explanation of the various acts of patient's preparation from the target localization to irradiation. The final chapter describes created program with a graphical environment, which includes the key elements of commercial planning systems for the creation of the irradiation plan. This program uses real CT images and provides the user a basic idea of creating radiotherapeutic plan. The user has several functions for creating and optimizing the plan. The output of the program is a graphical representation of the spatial distribution of dose in the patient's body.
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Use of thin layer chromatography for fractionation and characterization of organic matter isolated from alginite
Solanský, Pavel ; Sovová, Šárka (referee) ; Enev, Vojtěch (advisor)
This diploma thesis is focused on the study of structure and physicochemical properties of organic fractions of humic substances, which were obtained by the method of thin-layer chromatography. Humic substances, which were used in this study, were isolated from a sample of Slovak alginite based on the procedure of the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS). The following analytical techniques were selected for the characterization of isolated humic substances: thermogravimetric and elemental analysis, molecular absorption spectroscopy (UV/Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. Each organic fraction of humic substances were characterized by molecular absorption spectroscopy (UV/Vis) and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. Using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, humic substances were found to be composed of fluorophores of humic and non-humic (protein) character. Organic fractions corresponding to the humic fluorophores were characterized by a higher content of oxygen substituents on the aromatic nukleus, a higher degree of aromaticity and also a higher molecular weight. The aim of this diploma thesis was to design and optimize the process of organic matter fractionation for the purpose of detailed understanding of the structure and properties of humic substances, which were isolated from the sedimentary rock alginite. Based on this, the practical applicability of the thin layer chromatography method to significantly reduce the molecular heterogenity of the studied humic substances was evaluated.
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Fractionation of humic acids isolated from lignite
Moťka, Pavel ; Barančíková, Gabriela (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
The diploma thesis deals with lignitic humic acids. Bibliographic search can be divided into three parts. The aim of the first part is characterization of humic substances, presence, composition, structure and exploitation especially of humic acids. The second part describes a division of heterogeneous mixture of humic acids into closed fractions with more specific properties. The final part is a study of solubility of humic acids. The experimental part of the diploma thesis is structured similarly. In this work, a gradual fractionation with pH is used. Obtained fractions were characterized by UV/VIS and FT-IR spectroscopy. We assessed the portion of ash and carboxyl groups have been identified. Subsequently, all fractions extracted by gradual fractionation as well as some soluble fractions obtained by direct fractionation have been analyzed in view of solubility and their behaviour in water environment. Both used methods were compared.
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Effect of catalystic system on the structure of E/P copolymers
Kolomazník, Vít ; Kratochvíla,, Jan (referee) ; CSc, Zdeněk Buráň, (advisor)
Thesis is focused on structural study of ethylene-propylene copolymers (E/P copolymers) produced by gas phase polymerization. Goal of work was to determine the effect of used catalysts on the distribution of ethylene units in the resulting material. Three E/P copolymers were prepared on commercial Ziegler Natta catalysts with diether or phthalate based internal donors. The copolymers were fractionated according crystallization ability and molar mass. Next, the mass content and the distribution of the ethylene units in the copolymer were determined in each fraction by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Together with other structural analytical methods, phthalate internal donor has been found to produce ethylene blocks under certain conditions, while the diether ID lacks this ability.
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Application of different fractionation techniques for structure determination of ICP
Dostálová, Dagmar ; Kratochvíla,, Jan (referee) ; Buráň,, Zdeněk (advisor)
Impact E/P copolymer (ICP) is produced using gas-phase polymerization catalysed by Ziegler-Natta catalysts. This material with its excellent mechanical properties is used in many industries, for example in automotive industry to produce bumpers or instrument panels. Its properties depend on chemical structure which was analysed using DSC, 13C NMR and GPC. It was used 6 different samples of ICP for studies, the chosen samples have different ratio between ethylene and propylene in their copolymer phase. The samples were fractionated using preparative TREF and solvent extraction to obtain fractions, which composition depends on elution temperature. Obtained fractions and original samples were subsequently analysed using above-mentioned methods.
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Influence of E/P copolymer composition on impact copolymer properties
Dostálová, Dagmar ; Kučera, František (referee) ; Buráň, Zdeněk (advisor)
Houževnatý E/P kopolymer se vyrábí polymerací v plynné fázi, která je katalyzovaná Ziegler–Nattovými katalyzátory. Tento materiál s výbornými mechanickými vlastnostmi je používán v mnoha průmyslových odvětvích, např. v automobilovém průmyslu na výrobu nárazníků aut a palubních desek. Jeho vlastnosti závisí na chemické struktuře, která byla zkoumána pomocí metod DSC, SSA, 13C NMR, ATREF a FTIR. Výsledky analýz byly porovnány s mechanickými vlastnostmi vzorků - modulem pružnosti v ohybu a nízkoteplotní vrubovou houževnatostí dle Charpyho. Pro studium vlivu složení na mechanické vlastnosti bylo použito 5 různých vybraných vzorků houževnatého kopolymeru E/P s různým poměrem ethylenu a propylenu v kopolymerní fázi, které byly frakcionovány pomocí o-xylenové extrakce za účelem rozdělení materiálu na krystalickou část, složenou z krystalického E/P kopolymeru a PP, a amorfní část, tvořenou E/P kaučukem. Získané frakce i původní vzorky byly následně analyzovány výše uvedenými metodami.
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Application of thin layer chromatography (TLC) for fractionation of humic substances.
Hegrová, Nela ; Doskočil, Leoš (referee) ; Enev, Vojtěch (advisor)
The main aim of this Bachelor thesis was to suggest and optimize a method of fractionation of organic matter of humic substances using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). HS Pahokee Peat standards have been characterized by thermochemical and spectrometric techniques such as thermogravimetry, elemental analysis, UV-Vis and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry. Molecular absorption spectrometry in the ultraviolet and visible range of electromagnetic radiation and steady-state fluorescence spectrometry were used for physicochemical characterization of organic fractions. Using fluorescence spectrometry, humic substances were found to be composed of fluorophores of humic and non-humic (protein) character. Organic fractions corresponding to the humic fluorphores were characterized by a higher aromaticity, average molecular weight and higher content of oxygen substituents on the aromatic nucleus. In contrast, the organic fractions corresponding to the protein constitutional units were distinguished by low values of the humification index. These tell us about microbial origin of these organic substances during the genesis of HS Pahokee Peat.
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