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Study of the use of crops for phytoremediation of contaminated soil by pharmaceuticals
Hamplová, Marie ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
Pharmaceuticals leaking into the environment from wastewater and livestock farms raise concerns about the impact on the ecosystem and human health. Residues of pharmaceuticals present in soil are subject to a number of biotic and abiotic processes, including uptake, translocation and accumulation by plants. The ability of plants to accumulate or degrade pharmaceuticals could have potential applications in the process of 'phytoremediation', where plants and their associated micro-organisms are used to stabilise, degrade or remove contaminants from the environment. In the framework of this thesis, experiments on phytoremediation of drug-contaminated soil by the cover crop oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. Oleiformis) under controlled conditions were conducted. Soil samples were extracted by ultrasonic extraction, plant samples by QuEChERS method and the final analysis of drugs was performed by UPLC-MS/MS. Oilseed radish produced a large amount of aboveground biomass compared to the other two crops and the presence of drugs had no negative effect on its growth. However, the determined levels of each drug in the soil and in the crop showed insufficient effectiveness of phytoremediation. The accumulation of drugs by the crop was low except for residues of the antidepressant venlafaxine. Therefore, according to these results, oilseed radish is not a suitable crop for phytoremediation of drug-contaminated soil. Experiments were also carried out with the root vegetable radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. Sativus) and carrot (Daucus carota L.) to assess the risk to human health associated with the accumulation of drugs in vegetable roots. The risk has not been demonstrated in terms of the amount of established drugs in the roots. Only the metabolite clofibric acid accumulated to a higher extent and the antibiotic trimethoprim was the most translocated to the aerial parts of the crop. The rate of uptake and translocation of drugs by the plant depended on many factors, as their content varied considerably between drug groups and between parts and types of crops.
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Studz of direct and indirect plasma application on onion seeding bulbs
Krejsová, Lenka ; Enev, Vojtěch (referee) ; Krčma, František (advisor)
Nowadays, agriculture is based on conventional methods that involve the application of pesticides, agricultural chemicals and fertilizers. These substances have a negative impact on nature and human health, so more environmentally friendly methods are being sought. This thesis deals with the analysis of fragrances in onions treated with plasma before planting. The treatment was carried out to see if it would improve onion growth while maintaining or increasing the fragrance content. The theoretical part deals with the soil and it is characterization methods, plasma, quantitative and qualitative methods for the determination of volatile substances. It contains the principles of UV-VIS spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), mass spectrometry (MS) as well as tandem connection of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The experimental part was carried out over a period of three years at 22 sites. The preparation and analysis of soil samples are described, which was also evaluated. Furthermore, the procedures for treating the bulbs with corona discharge and plasma-activated water before planting were described. In total, four treatment variants were carried out and bulbs from the fifth variant were not additionally treated. Each treatment variant was planted in four replications of ten bulbs each. Twenty selected grown onions from one site were individually converted to liquid samples and the saturated vapor was analysed by proton transfer reaction time of flight mass spectrometry (PTR–TOF–MS). Thanks to this analysis, the concentrations of volatile substances were determined. Some samples were analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometer as detector to identify the compounds. Subsequently, the data were processed and evaluated. From the results obtained, it is evident that plasma treatment can be useful for the treatment of onions in agriculture, because it confirmed harvest increase without decrease of fragrances concentrations. Thus, it is necessary to carry out experiments on a larger scale in the future.
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Heat effects of microbial life in soil
Drápalová, Karolína ; Kalina, Michal (referee) ; Krouská, Jitka (advisor)
This research is intended to be an application of calorimetry to the study of thermal manifestations of microbial life in soil. Although this research has slowly but steadily expanded over the past half century, many unanswered questions still remain. Calorimetry is a suitable tool for determining several parameters of soil quality. Therefore, it is a very important indicator for agriculture. Very well-known indicators used in soil research can be measured by various calorimetric methods such as differential compensation calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG), which are temperature scanning methods used to estimate certain properties of soil material. Calorimetry can be used to determine the activity of microbial life in the soil, which is an essential parameter for the proper functioning of the soil, i.e. for its health. Microorganisms will release a certain amount of heat, based on their metabolism, which can be boosted by adding certain nutrients. We can therefore say that the presence of microorganisms in the soil can be detected thanks to calorimetry.
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Study of the effect of adding coffee grounds to the soil on the growth of selected plants
Kopková, Pavlína ; Vítová, Eva (referee) ; Diviš, Pavel (advisor)
Due to the globally high consumption of coffee, a large amount of spent coffee grounds is generated. This study aims to evaluate the potential use of this waste material in agriculture as fertiliser for field crops. Growth experiments were conducted with brown soil enriched with 2.5 vol.% of coffee grounds or modified coffee grounds, followed by soil and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and corn (Zea mays) plant characterisation. Although germination tests did not demonstrate phytotoxicity of the soil mixtures, the addition of any modified coffee grounds led to a decrease in plant biomass. Differences between lettuce and corn were observed during growth. After harvesting, a decreased chlorophyll content or mineral substances was found in the cultivated plants. Prepared soil mixtures affected soil pH, with the greatest pH decrease measured after the addition of oxidized coffee grounds. Elemental analysis of the soils before cultivation showed an increase in the content of some essential mineral elements for plants (K, Ca, Na, Mg), but at the same time, there was a decrease in the concentration of one of the most important elements, phosphorus (P).
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Application of superabsorbents in soil and its influence on plant growth
Závodská, Petra ; Kalina, Michal (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
This thesis is focused on description of superabsorbents with controlled released of nutrients, specifically macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and kalium. Superabsorbents are polymers, mostly acrylic acid polymers, that can absorb huge amount of water without dissolving in it. In its structure they can hold water and thanks to this they are very perspective materials for agricultural usage. Experimental part was focused on growing corn with use of superabsorbents and control samples without use of superabsorbents. Plants were growth for 3 time periods, specifically 46, 60 and 74 days. During the experiments, plats were growth without water stress and in controlled conditions in growing box under UV lamp that simulated day and night by turning on and off after 12 hours. At the end, an image analysis was performed in HARFA program, from which we got information about branching of the roots. Results were supplemented by soil and plants analysis.
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Flame retardants and their penetration into the terrestrial ecosystem
Chytil, Václav ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This diploma thesis was focused on the analysis of four compounds from brominated flame retardants group, namely pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromocyclododecane, hexabromobenzene and tetrabromobisphenol A. Matrices were represented by four soil samples and four seat of fire samples. In addition, bisphenol A was also determined. First of all, process of extraction of analytes from matrices was optimized. Three different extraction techniques were tested (pressurized solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction). Next step was to verify stability of target compounds in strongly acidic conditions and to optimize clean-up of extract by column chromatography. Gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) was chosen as an appropriate analytical method for the determination of brominated flame retardants. Bisphenol A was determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). The derivatization of phenolic analytes before their final analytical determination was also essential.
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The Roofing of The Ecclesiastical Building
Lecián, Martin ; Hron, Lukáš (referee) ; Buchta, Stanislav (advisor)
Bachelor's thesis deals with wooden loadbearing structure the roofing of the ecclesiastical building with dimensions 15,5 x 17,5 meters in the village Chudcice northwest of Brno. The building is 16 meters high and the roof is 12 meters high. The main loadbearing roofing structure consists of corner rafters reinforced wood frame, here is placed joist floor of loft. The main beams are designed from glued laminated wood GL24, other supporting beams are designed from wood C22. The roof of the chapel is formed by intersection of two pyramidal roof and it is at an angle of 62°. Roof cladding is made of asphalt shingle. Bell stool with a bell is in the top of the roof. Technical equipment ensuring automatic chime is located in the loft. Connections of wooden beams are designed with steel joints.
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Speciation and fractionation analysis of metals in agricultural soils
Lepař, Petr ; Mládková, Zuzana (referee) ; Diviš, Pavel (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the procedures and analytical techniques associated with speciation analysis and fractionation of metals in agricultural soils. The first part defines the basic concepts related to speciation, fractionation, soils and elements contained within it. The following chapters describe procedures of samples withdrawal and its adjustment including a description of some methods used for the purpose of extraction, fractionation and speciation analysis. The last chapter is devoted to listing of some separation techniques and instrumental methods used for the purposes of speciation and fractionation.
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Evaluation of environmental load by polybrominated diphenyl ethers
Roček, Richard ; Stoupalová, Michaela (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
The target of my diploma thesis is evaluation of soil load by polybrominated diphenylethers. This is the soils, which were affected by fire and comparsion with load by soils, which were not affected by fire. In teoretical part available informations about BDE from various sources are processed. Target of practical part is find the optimal method for determination BDE, verification of her yield a determination of reals samples with using this method. In the end this thesis contains measured results, its interpetation in tables, graphes and evaluation of load by individual congeners. Key is comparsion load of soils, which were affected and which were not affected by fire. BDE are released during the fire and we can decide that soils which were caused by fire should be contaminated more, than soils, which were not caused by fire.
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Use of the QuEChERS method for the analysis of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in soil
Brabcová, Kristýna ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
The content of this master's thesis is an application of frequently used extraction method QuEChERS on soil or other samples like litter or manure containing fluoroquinolone antibiotics. In the theoretical part of this thesis are chapters describing drugs, antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Fluoroquinolones are described in more details with their properties, appearance and behaviour in the environment. The last chapter is focused on analytical methods. In the experimental part of this thesis is chosen in accordance with available publications the most suitable extraction method. This method is tested and optimized on soil samples. The optimized method is applied on the real soil and poultry litter samples to determine the amount of ciprofloxacine and enrofloxacine. This extraction method is used on other fluoroquinolone antibiotics (norfloxacine, ofloxacine, pefloxacine, moxifloxacine) in soil. All of the samples were analyzed by LC-MS.
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