|
|
Back and forth between science and reality: Mathematical modelling in tasks with a science context (didactic experiment)
Šmíd Ridzoňová, Ráchel ; Havlíčková, Radka (advisor) ; Vondrová, Naďa (referee)
Mathematical modelling is part of the focus of the educational area "Mathematics and its applications" in the Czech national curriculum and is also a widely studied topic abroad. However, it does not receive much attention in Czech research. This thesis aims to introduce the concept to Czech readers and test the connection of mathematical modelling with science topics and the implementation of modelling tasks in the 5th grade of primary school. The thesis presents mathematical modelling as solving process of a complex problem with a real context in steps (0) undertanding the problem, (1) creating the real model, (2) mathematization, (3) mathematical operations, (4) interpretation of the result and (5) validation of the solution. Modelling competence, the modelling probem, and the relationship to word problems are also described. The chosen qualitative research method of didactic experiments explores the application of a holistic and analytical approach to teaching, identifies the difficult steps of modelling for 5th- grade students, and provides insights into cross-curricular relationships and organizational forms in the teaching of modelling. The research findings positively demonstrate that incorporating modelling tasks into regular lessons and linking them to science topics is possible but...
|
|
|
Number as a length in the environment Trains in 1st and 2nd grade of primary school
Nachtmannová, Iveta ; Slezáková, Jana (advisor) ; Havlíčková, Radka (referee)
This thesis focuses on the tasks from the environment Vláčky, as one of the isolated environments in the first grade mathematics of primary schools taught according to the elaborated methodology of prof. RNDr. Milan Hejný, CSc.. The theoretical part of the thesis explains the principles and concepts of Milan's methodology, the importance of isolated environments in the process of building the ideas of natural number in children in the 1st and 2nd year of primary school, highlights the environment Vláčky as a propaedeutic environment essential for further education according to this method and introduces the manipulative aid necessary for this environment, the Cuisenaire prisms. The theoretical part explains which tasks are used to introduce the environment into the classroom, explains the important concepts of this environment, describes the different types of tasks and their gradations, the relation of this environment to the 3rd to 5th year of primary school, and last but not least, similar tasks from different workbooks that do not deal with the above methodology are collected here. The goal of the practical part was to check the clarity of the formulations in the assignment, to investigate the students' solving strategies and the difficulties that may occur when solving the problems. The...
|
|
|
Preparing for school mathematics via a serie of activities inspired by creations of artist Zdeněk Sýkora
Tydlitátová, Lucie ; Kaslová, Michaela (advisor) ; Havlíčková, Radka (referee)
The Bachelor's thesis deals with the connection between pre-math literacy and art education in kindergarten. The paper refers to similar activities suitable for primary school, but the scenarios and their implementation in practice fully respect the specifics of preschool age. Both the methods and the material are adapted to this, as is the language. Activities linking pre-math literacy and visual arts are embedded in a specific didactic structure. The thesis has three main parts. The theoretical part deals with the areas on which the practical part is based: motor and cognitive development of the preschool child, a brief biography of the artist Zdeněk Sýkora, and pre-math literacy. The methodology part defines the aims, tasks and methods of the Bachelor's thesis, and is based on action research with elements of qualitative research. The practical part includes scenarios and description of their implementation, records of the observed phenomena and their analysis based on direct observation, video recording and reflection with post-reflection. Children aged 5 years and 7 months to 6 years and 7 months were observed in a kindergarten setting. On the basis of the partial conclusions, minor modifications in the scenario are proposed, which are complemented by didactic recommendations for the possible...
|
|
|
Mathematics for the first grade through the touch, hearing, smell, taste and sight
Michková, Žaneta ; Havlíčková, Radka (advisor) ; Kvaszová, Milena (referee)
This master's thesis deals with the usage of senses - sight, smell, taste, hearing and touch in mathematics lessons. The aim of the thesis is to offer teachers a collection of non-traditional activities whose objective is to not only strengthen and practise, but also to comprehend the mathematics curriculum in the 1st grade of primary school with overlaps into the subjects of basic science, physical education, music education, Czech language - writing, reading. The theoretical part describes the mental development of younger school age pupils focusing on individual senses and their usage in mathematics lessons. The activities correspond with the valid education legislation of the Czech Republic and its documents. The conclusion of the theoretical part is devoted to one of the ways of learning - game and its meaning. The practical part includes the collection of activities in math lessons, which is focused primarily on the usage of one of the senses - touch, hearing, smell, taste and sight. The activities comprise: their descriptions, preparations, helping materials, processes, assessments and modifications, some activities also include a worksheet. The collection is in accordance with the outputs and objectives of the FEP and the set of key competencies.
|
|
|
Mapping of the trial and error method in solving problems in structural environments Spider web and Exhibition grounds
Kučerová, Lucie ; Havlíčková, Radka (advisor) ; Jirotková, Darina (referee)
The aim of this diploma thesis is to observe and describe the use of the trial-and-error strategy in two didactic environments from the Hejné method among pupils in the second and third year of primary school, who are educated using the usual method of teaching mathematics. The theoretical part deals with the definition of heuristic strategies, their classification and a closer description of some selected heuristic strategies. The key chapter is devoted to the description of the trial-and-error strategy and its inclusion among the solving strategies. It also deals with the problematic attitude of teachers and the wider public towards this strategy. At the end of the chapter, the advantages of its use in solving mathematical problems are included. The next chapters deal with work with mistakes, the child's experiment not only in teaching, and thus follow on from chapter 1.3. Chapter 1.7 describes Hejné's method of teaching mathematics and the didactic environments with which this method works and which are important for the practical part. At the end of the theoretical part, I define the distribution of the curriculum in the second and third years, which influence the students' approaches to solving. In the practical part, the research methods of unstructured observation and the method of verbal...
|
|
|
Teacher's approach to language and situational context of mathematical word problem
Viktorová, Martina ; Havlíčková, Radka (advisor) ; Macháčková, Jana (referee)
The focus of this thesis is to investigate how the elementary school teachers work with mathematical word problem from the perspective of language and situational-contextual level of word problem. Furthermore it is focused on the teachers' work approach to the word problem and identification of phenomena oriented to one of cognitive modes - paradigmatic and narrative described by J. S. Bruner (1986) and O. Chapman (2006). The main research method of this thesis is based on observing how the teachers work with the word problem in class and interviewing them as well as pupils. In the theoretical part of the thesis the mathematical word problem is determined, and it is focused on the word problem on the level of language and context. The cognitive functioning of pupil is described as well as the two problem solving approaches - narrative and paradigmatic by J. S. Bruner, and their application during solving the word problem according to O. Chapman's elaboration. Furthermore the definition of word problem and specification of non-standard word problem in curriculum document FEP BE is described. The practical part is based on qualitative research. The research is designed to provide objective information about the teachers' approach to the word problem and teachers' way of working with language and...
|
|
|
Analysis of critical situations at solving verbal tasks for pupils in first grade of elementary school
Chudík, Jan ; Havlíčková, Radka (advisor) ; Kloboučková, Jaroslava (referee)
The aim of this document is to familiarize first grade elementary school readers with the critical points in solving word problems in mathematics and to analyze various problem- solving strategies in concrete tasks. Primarily, the document is focused on determining pupils' difficulties and acquiring information about the problem-solving process through a written record of the solution and subsequent in-depth interviews. The theoretical part is divided into six sections dealing with terminology (e.g. word problem) and the areas influencing success in the solution of word problems and partial processes. The practical part contains an analysis of each pupil's solutions and a description of phenomena found in them, together with the grading teacher's help. KEYWORDS Word problem, pupil's solutions, analysis of interviews, questions, solution process
|
|
| |
|
|
Methods for overcoming differences in pace of students in mathematics lessons
Plívová, Anežka ; Havlíčková, Radka (advisor) ; Macháčková, Jana (referee)
- 4 - ABSTRACT This diploma thesis is focused on teacher's strategies in mathematics lessons with different work paces of pupils, specifically pupils with above-average pace. The theoretical part of the thesis summarizes and explains the basic concepts related to the identification of smart and gifted pupils. The next part is focused on models of talent, teaching pupils with above- average pace, as well as a transmissive and a constructivist approach to teaching. The used research method was observation and discussion in focus groups. The basis of the practical part of the diploma thesis is a set of collected information and its arrangement into the so- called typology of teacher strategies when working with a pupil who works at an above- average pace in mathematics lessons with the described advantages or risks of individual strategies. The main goal of this diploma thesis was to collect ways in which the teacher copes with the different paces of students in mathematics lessons, mainly focusing on pupils with above-average work rates. Thesis describes benefits as well as risks that could arise in the application of strategies for the described individual methods. KEYWORDS above-average pace, mathematics teaching, gifted pupil, bright pupil, teacher's strategy
|
|
|
Logical problems zebra with pupils in primary school
Laštovková, Tereza ; Slezáková, Jana (advisor) ; Havlíčková, Radka (referee)
This diploma thesis is focusing on analysis of logical zebra problems and finding strategies of pupils solutions and development of these strategies in primary school. For this diploma thesis was created two gradation of those logical problems for pupils from the 1st - 5th class in primary school. Theoretical part is focused on characteristics of logical problems zebra, its definition, history of logical problems zebra and its todays use. In more detail it is based on examples and ways of strategies, how to solve these problems, like with tablets or full charts and so on. It's also focused on parameters of gradation, which serve the possibilities of making gradation for pupils in primary school in the next part, the research part. Research part is based on description and comments of pupils strategies in solving logical problems zebra in two gradation, wich contains ten tasks.. Research part shows how pupils can develop their solving strategies based on their experience with solving logical problems zebra, with described phenomena for pupils solution and for tasks. KEY WORDS graded parameters of problems, context of problems, logic, negation, problems with conditions, relations, solving strategy of pupils in primary school, table as tool for problem solving
|
guest ::
