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Space Reinhabited: Conception of Space in Martin Heidegger's Work and His Influence on the Theory of Architecture in the 2nd Half of the 20th Century
Holeček, Josef ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Petříček, Miroslav (referee)
5 Abstract This bachelor's thesis attempts to compare and explain the different concepts of spatiality in Martin Heidegger's work. Following Heidegger's 1969 seminar in Le Thor, this thesis builds on his retrospective division of his work, centred around being. First, he askes about the meaning, then about the truth and finally about the place of being. In this thesis, the comparison of different approaches to spatiality in different periods of Heidegger's life is emphasized as well as his rejection of the previous Newtonian, Galilean and Cartesian approaches. This rejection is gradually taking place since Being and Time and it is clear that Heidegger's concept of spatiality is fairly consistent, despite the changing terminology. It is also pointed out that his phenomenological approach is ground-breaking in some respects, mainly because of the expressions and terms he uses in his language. This means that his approach is almost unparalleled as far western physics and metaphysics are concerned, making Heidegger more influential even outside the field of philosophy, as is demonstrated by the architectural theory in which his concept of spatiality is still visible today. Keywords: Heidegger, world, space, spatiality, being-in-the-world, place, fourfold, region, Ortschaft, topology, language, architecture,...
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The God's Eye View: Epistemic Ideal or Conformity with Standards of Justification?
Krejčová, Kateřina ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
(in English) In the Enlightenment liberation from the religious myth one can see a paradoxical shift that is characterized by the fact that the scientist in the new type of secularized culture takes over the role previously dedicated to the priest. She holds the position of a mediator between what is human and superhuman, subjective, imperfect and flawed and a distant truth to which human beings feel a specific kind of responsibility. As the "soft sciences" ceded territory to the exact sciences, it happened because we have not yet been able to give up the dream of a perfectly neutral God eye's view. The author wants to show that objectivity itself is not impartial, but that it is a name for different kinds of rationality, which are at different times considered to be epistemic virtues.
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The Problem of Body in Phenomenological Psychology
Havel, Jan ; Kouba, Petr (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
This thesis has several aims. To present daseinsanalysis as a science founded upon philosophy of Martin Heidegger. To show that founding of a science generally requires reflection whether its philosophical foundations are adequate. In contrast to daseinsanalysis prove that contemporary medicine and psychology are founded upon inadequate foundations. And eventually, it will be required to analyze the human body phenomenon, which is problematic, thus posing a threat to the consistence of Heidegger's philosophy. Keywords Heidegger, Boss, daseinsanalysis, body, theory of science
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Normality and Normativity
Haloun, Martin ; Kouba, Petr (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
Martin Haloun Normality and Normativity Annotation: The thesis Normality and Normativity is concerned with the problems of the relation of normal and abnormal. The analysis of the expression 'normal' is the introduction of the topic followed by the demonstration that there are multiple meanings of the normal that do not always coincide. During the description of the aspects of norm and normal the fundamental relations between facts and prescriptions will have to be taken into account. The full meaning of the notion normal will be demonstrated on the basis of its relation to the pathological and healthy. A definition of health presented in this thesis, which takes into consideration the specifics of the normal, is based on the works of George Canguilhem and Kurt Goldstein. The crucial moment is the understanding of disease as a reaction of an organism to the limitation of the milieu. An important factor is the introduction of vital normativity that is intrinsic to the living being. This conception opposes the influential conception which identifies the state of health with certain physiological criteria - standards of health - advocated among others by Claude Bernard. At the end of the thesis we will shortly overview the norms as formative aspect in a society. The sociological view of norms that is...
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C. S. Peirce's conception of man and human subjectivity - The self as semiosis
Chudožilov, Andrej ; Kolman, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The question of relation between that what is conceived of as the internal subjective world of a human person and of that, which is thought of as external objective reality is a classic and unsolved problem of philosophy. Charles Sanders Peirce with his semiotic approach to the problem gives at least original, at best an illuminating answer. The goal of this paper is to describe in one place what it is that Peirce is trying to say on the topic in his extensive writing. The product of this work should be a comprehensive description of conception of man and human subjectivity as it can be found or developed from Peirce's philosophical system and the description of this conception's place in his worldview. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Evolutionary Algorithms for Data Transformation
Švec, Ondřej ; Pilát, Martin (advisor) ; Neruda, Roman (referee)
In this work, we propose a novel method for a supervised dimensionality reduc- tion, which learns weights of a neural network using an evolutionary algorithm, CMA-ES, optimising the success rate of the k-NN classifier. If no activation func- tions are used in the neural network, the algorithm essentially performs a linear transformation, which can also be used inside of the Mahalanobis distance. There- fore our method can be considered to be a metric learning algorithm. By adding activations to the neural network, the algorithm can learn non-linear transfor- mations as well. We consider reductions to low-dimensional spaces, which are useful for data visualisation, and demonstrate that the resulting projections pro- vide better performance than other dimensionality reduction techniques and also that the visualisations provide better distinctions between the classes in the data thanks to the locality of the k-NN classifier. 1
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Regimes of Rationality / Objectivity between Historical Epistemology and Pragmatism
Krejčová, Kateřina ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
(in English) The aim of the thesis is to introduce selected approaches to genealogy and changes of the concept of "objectivity". While historical epistemology puts this concept into a context of a particular historical period in which it was born and established itself, and therefore perceives "objectivity" as a novelty, pragmatism sees it as a relic of the discourse of Enlightenment and proposes to replace it with solidarity. Both approaches analyse difficulties of uncritical applications of this term in the history of philosophy and "avant la lettre" science and the assumption that objectivity is just a modification and another name of this concept which is a necessary condition of any knowledge. The thesis is based on texts of Lorraine Daston, Peter Galison, Richard Rorty, Thomas S. Kuhn and Perez Zagorin.
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Topic of Life in Early Bergson
Novotný, Jan ; Kouba, Pavel (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
This diploma thesis observes the topic of life in early Bergson. It is divided into three parts. The first chapter is concentrated on Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness. In this chapter we can become acquainted with the distinction between duration and space. This distinction is the basic of Bergson philosophy. We can also see the distinction between the deeper self and the surface self, which is based on the first distinction. The second chapter Matter and Memory shows how the foregoing distinctions are connected through the Bergson's theory of memory. In the last charter, named Creative Evolution, we deal with the metaphysic concept of life by Bergson, which has always been connected with duration and freedom
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Merleau-Ponty and the Modern Art as a Means of Return to the Lifeworld
Roček, Tomáš ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
The thesis addresses the topic of lifeworld in the work of Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. The first part describes the context surrounding the genesis of the notion of lifeworld in Husserl. The notion came about as a reaction to the crisis of sciences as perceived by Husserl, characterized by the loss of meaning, as science can no longer answer the substantial questions of human existence. A return to the natural world is then enabled by the transcendental epoché. The second part is devoted to Merleau-Ponty for whom lifeworld does not denote the realm of original self-evidences, as in Husserl, but a space of lively communication to which we are led by modern art, especially painting. According to Merleau-Ponty, modern art evinces ambiguity that rests in its inconclusiveness and multisidedness of its potential interpretation. The aim of the thesis is to show that this ambiguity corresponds to the ambiguity in lifeworld, the latter being constituted by the opposition of the seen and the seer that are subject to unending reversibility. The structure of lifeworld corresponds to the structure of modern art as understood by Merleau-Ponty.
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