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The role of morphogenes in stem cell neurogenic differentiation in mammals
Slováková, Lucie ; Tlapáková, Tereza (advisor) ; Kyclerová, Hana (referee)
Stem cells are non-differentiated self-renewing cell population that can derive different kinds of cell types according to their differential potential. Neurogenic differentiation is the process of generating of all three types of nervous systems from the neural stem cells. This process is common for embryonic development, however neurogenesis appears to be present also in adult mammalian brain. It continues to generate new neurons within its microenvironments called niches and we can find two major areas of neurogenesis. One is the subventricular zone of the forebrain, the other is the subgranular zone within the hippocampal dental gyrus. In these niches we can find specific signaling molecules called morphogens. Morphogens function in regulating neural stem cell activity. They play a part in proliferation, differentiation and cell migration, thus determining the fate of neural cells. In addition, morphogens play an important role in many diseases and cancers.
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Potential of stem cell therapy for diabetic retinopathy
Palacká, Kateřina ; Holáň, Vladimír (advisor) ; Tlapáková, Tereza (referee)
Diabetic retinopathy is retinal disease causing irreversible cell damage and consequently a loss of vision. Current treatment protocols have many limitations and are associated with serious site effects. A possible treatment options for retinal degenerative diseases is a use of stem cells. There are different types of stem cells. These include embryonal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and cells from an adult organism, among which we can include mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs can be found in almost all tissues of the adult organism. MSCs can migrate to the site of damage, regulate development of inflammation in retina, suppress the formation of fibrovascular scars and replace damaged cells such as nerve cells, photoreceptors and epithelial pigment cells. Application of MSCs could be a promising treatment for degenerative retinal diseases.
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Migration and homing of mesenchymal stem cells.
Porkertová, Michaela ; Tlapáková, Tereza (advisor) ; Turnovcová, Karolína (referee)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotential progenitor cells derived from the mesodermal germ layer of vertebrate embryos. These cells are able to differentiate in different cell types, such as adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes and others. The differentiation potential of MSC is closely related to their other abilities, with immune system regulation and regeneration of damaged tissues. After injury, MSCs migrate to affected areas where they supress the immune response and reduce inflammation. MSCs also promote regeneration of the affected area by differentiating in cell types according to the actual needs of the organism. This brings us to the most important attribute of MSCs, namely their migratory potential. MSCs are able to migrate across the body using the bloodstream and into the tissues through complicated mechanism using many factors. The aim of this thesis is to prepare a comprehensive review of current knowledge about MSCs, their migration and homing.
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Development and function of beta-cells
Hamplová, Adéla ; Pavlínková, Gabriela (advisor) ; Tlapáková, Tereza (referee)
Insulin producing β-cells are located in the endocrine pancreas. They are a part of pancreatic islets of Langerhans along with α-, β-, δ-, ε- a PP-cells producing glucagon, somatostatin, ghrelin and pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin regulates glucose uptake into cells and thus contributes to the regulation of energy metabolism. The development of β-cells as well as the development of the pancreas is a complex process. Developmental processes of proliferation, differentiation and total pancreatic organogenesis are best described in the mouse model. The developmental processes and pancreatic functions are regulated by a network of transcription factors. Pancreatic duodenal homeobox gene 1 is a transcription factor that is expressed in the precursors of endocrine, exocrine and ductal cells. Neurogenin 3 is expressed in precursors of the islets of Langerhans cells. Islet 1 regulates the formation of the islets of Langerhans as well as the pair domains of transcription factors 4 and 6, whose expression is later limited only to β-cells. Transcription factors Islet 1 and Neurod 1 regulate insulin production in β-cells. Mutations in transcription factors lead to the abnormal development and altered function of pancreatic cells, including β-cells. Diabetes mellitus is a disease resulting from defects in...
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Induction of Xenopus tropicalis testicular stem cell differentiation in vitro.
Strnadová, Karolína ; Tlapáková, Tereza (advisor) ; Javorková, Eliška (referee)
Origin of mammalian somatic cells in the developing testes remains unclear. This origin could be explained by established cell culture derived from testes of Xenopus tropicalis juvenile male. The expression profile of the cell culture showed transcription of some pluripotency genes, somatic Sertoli and peritubular myoid cell markers and last but not least, the mesenchymal stem cell markers. Conversely, germ cell genes were downregulated. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed expression of Vimentin, Sox9 and α-smooth muscle actin, indicating that the testicular cell culture is a common mesenchymal progenitor of the Sertoli and peritubular myoid cells and that the cell culture did not arise from spermatogonial stem cells undergoing incomplete reprogramming in vitro. Testing of X. tropicalis cell culture during induction of differentiation in vitro revealed that these cells are probably multipotent with the ability to differentiate into adipocytes, chondroblasts and osteoblasts. The ability to derive multipotent stem cells from the juvenile testes opens new possibilities of using these cells for biotechnology and medicine. Keywords: Testicular somatic cells, Xenopus tropicalis, progenitor, mesenchymal stem cells, induction of differentiation, multipotency
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Preparation of Xenopus tropicalis transgenic testicular stem cell culture.
Vegrichtová, Markéta ; Tlapáková, Tereza (advisor) ; Drobná Krejčí, Eliška (referee)
Testicular stem cells (TSCs) are relatively accessible potential source of pluripotent cells, which are particularly important for their application in regenerative medicine. Xenopus tropicalis is a useful model organism to study the migration and differentiation potential of stem cells. This amphibian is characteristic by outer fecundation and embryonic development of a great amount of embryos after fertilization. Oocytes and embryos are large enough (about 1 mm) to be suitable for micromanipulation micromanipulations. Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague succeeded in the establishment of a mixed cell culture of TSCs growing on feeder layer of pre- Sertoli cells. This culture was derived from the testes of juvenile Xenopus tropicalis male. In the study of their differentiation potential it was found, that leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is the decisive factor allowing rapid proliferation of stem cells and their forming into characteristic colonies. This protein is produced by both types of cells which are present in the culture. The mouse LIF has the same positive effect on the proliferative potential of stem cells, which points at the evolutionary conservation of metabolic pathways associated with the maintenance of the stemness. RT-PCR analysis...
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