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Possibilities of elimination of sulfonamides from the aquatic ecosystem
Suková, Petra ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This diploma thesis focuses on the determination of sulfonamide antibiotics especially the possibility of elimination of these substances from the aquatic ecosystem. Nowadays, environmental contamination of the pharmaceuticals and their residues is a serious concern. Main sources of this contamination are wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where these compounds are not effectively removed by contemporary conventional technology. For this reason, new methods are being developed and tested that could eliminate the number of contaminants entering the environment in this way. There is a possibility to use the potential of the enzymatic system of wood-decay fungi, especially white rot fungi. Six representatives of sulfonamide antibiotics were selected and isolated from the aquatic matrix via solid phase extraction. The final identification and quantification method was high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Monitoring of the concentration level of selected sulfonamide antibiotics at the inflow and effluent at the Brno-Modřice WWTP was carried out weekly. Moreover, the effectiveness of elimination of selected antibiotics from the aquatic ecosystem by the use of Trametes versicolor wood-decay fungi cultured on a suitable carrier was verified.
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Using tests with destruents for ecotoxicological evaluation of soil quality
Rábová, Petra ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
The aim of this diploma thesis was to determine the dehydrogenase activity of matrix samples that can enter the environment and the use of ecotoxicological tests to assess the quality of the affected soil. The effects of sludge, biochar samples, two landfill samples and a sediment sample were monitored. Ecotoxicology included tests on decomposers - tests of avoidance behavior (Eisenia fetida and Folsomia candida), acute, chronic and reproductive toxicity tests (Eisenia fetida) and Lactuca sativa root growth inhibition tests. The results indicate that dehydrogenase activity assays serve as a suitable complement to ecotoxicological tests. They provide valuable additional information on soil quality and sample effect after application to soil. The sediment sample had the least favorable effect on the activity of the enzyme and the vitality of the organisms, both in the determination of dehydrogenase activity and in ecotoxicological tests. Furthermore, it was found that biochar as a product of sewage sludge treatment is less toxic to organisms than the original sludge.
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The use of biochar as a sorption material for the removal of synthetic fragrances from water
Kašparová, Jarmila ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
Synthetic fragrances (musk) are artificially produced organic compounds. It is used as fragrance ingredient in personal care products. Substances from this group have the ability to withstand the cleaning process in wastewater treatment plants. The physico-chemical properties of musk compounds cause their accumulation in the living and non-living components of the ecosystem, where they behave as persistent pollutants. The adsorption process is considered to be one of the most widely used separation and purification processes. The adsorption processes of a solution of sixteen synthetic fragrances took place with biochar and activated carbon. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) was used as a method for extracting analytes. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied for final analysis, time of flight analyzer was used as detector. The data were fitted with adsorption isotherms.
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Determination of NSAIDs in wastewater
Krůzová, Sabina ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
The thesis focuses on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in wastewater. It characterizes drugs and defines specific methods of determination naproxen and ibuprofen in wastewater. Besides their characteristics there are pre-analytics and final analytic methods described here which are used for determination of drugs in wastewater. To analyse we used wastewater from Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University in Brno. Samples were filtered and concentrated by solid phase extraction (SPE) and after that they were analysed by UHPLC with diode array detector. Thanks to these practices and methods, there were found, that concentration of naproxen in wastewater from VFU Brno was below the limit of quantification and ibuprofen wasn´t detected in most of cases.
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Analysis of substances released from composite dental material
Fučík, Jan ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
This master's thesis deals with a present problem of alternative dental fillings, which should replace amalgam fillings. Although there are health concerns about these alternative materials, especially resin composite fillings raise concerns, because they release potentionally harmful substances into the oral cavity. Accordingly even this medical device subjects various tests before releasing to the commercial market and one of these tests was carried out according to ČSN EN ISO 10993 and available scientific literature in the experimental part of this thesis. The amalgam controversy, substances used for manufacturing of resin dental fillings and analytical methods are described in the theoretical part of the thesis. In the experimental part of the thesis, 30 days long cumulative extraction experiments were carried out into various extraction mediums in order to assess suitability of new dental resin filling from ADM, a.s. by comparison with commercially available dental material from company GC EUROPE N.V. These samples were analysed by LC-MS and the amount of eluted substances from dental composites to extraction medium was quantified.
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Study of the occurrence of colistin in soil
Veldamonová, Aneta ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
Colistin is a polypeptide antibiotic used as a "last resort" effective against Gram-negative bacteria. However, increase in its consumption in veterinary medicine in the last 30 years has led to the development of bacterial resistance even to colistin. The application of slurry to soil containing unmetabolized colistin and resistant bacteria poses a risk, because the resistance of bacteria to colistin can be further developed and spread to other components of the environment. Therefore, this work was focused on the creation and optimization of extraction and analytical methods for soil samples containing colistin. Colistin was detected by liquid chromatography in connection with mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS and UPLC/MS/MS). Many extraction solutions have been tested in connection with ultrasonic extraction and purification on various SPE columns, yet colistin has not been successfully extracted from the soil. Colistin was successfully detected only in the slurry extract. The reason why colistin was not detected in soil extracts could be the sorption of colistin on soil organic matter or the formation of complexes of colistin with humic substances.
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Analysis of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in the soil
Vdolečková, Monika ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
The thesis dealt with the global problem of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment, specifically fluoroquinol antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin), which are among other critically important antibiotics. These drugs enter the soil environment through the application of already contaminated animal waste (e.g. manure) or through wastewater used in irrigation or through the application of treated sewage sludge, which may contain drug residues. Increasing concentrations of these antimicrobial drugs in the environment provide an environment for the emergence and spread of microbial resistance. The accumulation of these drugs then leads to the emergence of resistance to these antibiotics. The experimental part of the thesis focused on the optimization of a method for the extraction and subsequent determination of fluoroquinolones in soil and litter. For this purpose, parameters related to the extraction yield of fluoroquinolones from the soil matrix were optimized, such as sample weighting, selection of a suitable extraction medium, SPE performance, elution method from the SPE, etc. Extraction recoveries of 70 to 140 % were achieved as part of the optimization. Finally, the optimised method for extraction of fluoroquinolones from poultry litter and soil samples provided by the ÚKZÚZ was used. The experimental results confirm the long-term persistence of these drugs in the environment.
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Optimization of the coagulation procedure for wastewater treatment
Švábová, Martina ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Repková, Martina (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the optimization of the determination of the chemical oxygen demand in the test tubes and the optimization of the coagulation process for the external company. COD is one of the basic analysis for all types of water, although there are numerous environmentally-unfriendly agents in case of using a standard version produced. Therefore, an alternative method of using the test tubes was used, the procedure of which has been modified from ČSN ISO 15705 and is now available to the public. The aim was also to optimize the coagulation process in the treatment of wastewater from an industrial paintshop. The minimum dose of coagulating agent occurring in the instructions for usage was disproved and the pH value at which aluminium sulfate as a coagulating agent was proposed.
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Determination of hyaluronan by electromigration methods
Bártová, Adéla ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Řezáčová, Veronika (advisor)
This thesis is focused on description hyaluronic acid, characterization of its behaviour in water solutions, its chemical-physical properties and its using in different industrial sectors. The next part deals with possibilities of its analysis. The following section of the thesis is focused on electromigration techniques with special attention dedicated to capillary electrophoretic methods, especially capillary zone electrophoresis. The aim of this thesis is optimization of the method of determination of hyaluronic acid in water solutions by capillary zone electrophoresis.
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Determination of nonylphenol and its isomers in waters
Sedláček, Jaroslav ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This diploma thesis is focused on the issue of nonylphenol, degradation product of surfactants. Nonylphenol however most often arises in wastewater treatment plants predominantly during the microbial degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates used in industry. It is a substance highly bioaccumulative, toxic predominantly to aquatic organisms. Furthermore, it belongs among hormone disruptors. The detailed research was prepared, on the basis which experimental part of diploma thesis was solved. Nonylphenol was determined in samples of the wastewater. The solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for the isolation of the analyte and purification of the extract. The final determination was performed on the gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry with time of flight analyzer (TOF). All steps of the preanalytical and the analytical procedure were optimized.
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