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The dynamics of the development of Ruthenian dialects in Slovakia and Ukraine as exemplified by prepositions
Vašíček, Michal
This article deals with the dynamics of the vocabulary of Ruthenian dialects in two regions of two states – eastern Slovakia and Transcarpathia in Ukraine. It focuses on prepositions as well as conjunctions and particles, which are function words with a high frequency of occurrence. The analysis is based on dialectal material obtained during our own field research, carried out since 2011 in this area, specifically in the municipalities of Ubľa and Malyj Bereznyj, lying close to the Slovak-Ukrainian state border. Here, until World War II closely related Ruthenian dialects had been evolving in sociolinguistically identical conditions. But after World War II, they were separated by the Czechoslovak-Soviet border and came under the influence of different literary languages – Slovak, on the one side, and Ukrainian and Russian on the other. Due to levelling processes oriented to different literary languages, the originally closely related dialects have considerably diverged from each other. Comparing the current material with older dialectal materials, we will try to document more recent influences of literary languages on the development of Ruthenian dialects.\n
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National consciousness of Southern-Carpathian dialect speakers in the Slovak-Ukrainian border area
Vašíček, Michal
This paper aims to analyze the current national identification of East-Slavic dialect speakers in Slovakia and compare it with the national attitudes of Slavic inhabitants on the territory of the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine. Among the representatives of East-Slavic ethnic group in the Slovak Republic the ethnonym Rusnak predominates, while in Ukraine the majority of informants consider themselves to be Ukrainians or Rusyns. Seventy-year existence of the political border between Czechoslovakia and USSR and then between Slovakia and Ukraine has greatly influenced not only the development of the local East-Slavic dialects, but also the national consciousness of their speakers.
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The Verb Particle preč and the Prefix wot- in Older Upper Sorbian and their Role in the Grammaticalization of Aspect
Brankatschk, Katja
This paper deals with the Upper Sorbian verb particle preč in comparison to its synonymous prefix wot-. The question is raised, whether those two elements can form aspect pairs of the type preč hić (ipf.) – woteńć (pf.). On the basis of a corpus of an Older Sorbian Bible translation, about 100 examples of the particle preč and about 50 examples of the prefix wot- are examined. According to the examples from the examined text, it seems that the particle preč is as much integrated into the system of Sorbian word formation, as would be necessary to form such ipf. aspect partners systematically. In the corpus, there is only one potential aspect pair preč hić / (preč) woteńć. However, those verbs show only a low level of aspectuality. Where the particle preč is used in Older as well as in modern Upper Sorbian, the influence of the German equivalent of the verb and other lexical factors are of greater importance. In addition, verbal aspect in Older Upper Sorbian seems to be gramaticalized only to a low degree. Therefore the necessity to form an ipf. partner for a prefix verb does not occur very often. A question of debate remain those examples in narrative passages, where pf. (aorist) forms are combined with ipf. (imperfekt) ones. A larger corpus of narrative texts should show, whether the choice of aspect in those passages is given lexically or by co-accidence, or whether there is a functional distribution similarely as in Czech.
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Semantic diatheses in Czech and other Slavonic languages
Skwarska, Karolína
In the presented paper different types of so called semantic diatheses in Czech, Russian and Polish are examined. Diathesis is understood as a relation between two constructions of the same situational content and one verb lexeme, which are syntactically structured in different ways. The comparative approach is emphasized – the differences among languages are studied on surface and deep layers. We analyze certain semantic groups of verbs and their ability to function as a basic member of specific diatheses. Very complicated relations are demonstrated on lexemes léčit, prořezat and its Polish and Russian counterparts.
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The new expressive words (based on Czech and Bulgarian language of press)
Nisheva, Bozhana
The paper focuses on new expressive nouns of the masculine grammatical gender used in the language of Czech and Bulgarian press over the last twenty years. Based on synchronic contrastive analysis, it deals with the most frequent word-formation models of Czech and Bulgarian expressive words. Attention is also paid to word-formation ways, models and means used at the formation of new expressive neologisms. The expressivity of neologisms is conceived of as a result of word-formation means combinations with different genetic and communication-style features, thus modifications of literary and non-literary word-formation formants are concerned as well as the exercitation of native and taken over (international) word-formation elements within a single word. In the paper, the expressivity of new words is discussed as an indivisible part of their word-formation meaning and, in compliance with the theory of J. Zima, it is termed as inherent expressivity.
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