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Depozice dietárních mastných kyselin ve vybraných vnitřních orgánech a tkáních pokusných živočichů
Štumarová, Klára
This diploma thesis deals with the issue of fatty acids containing distribution, metabolism, physiological properties and effects on health. In the experimental part there is detail descripiton of the experiment, where the amount of dietary fatty acids in the liver and visceral fat in rats was determined. Rats were divided into five groups, each of that was fed with mixture with 8% oil addition (palm oil, fish oil, safflower oil and Schizochytrium extract). The last group was fed with the mixture without any oil addition. The results of the experiment point to a high SFA content in feed with 8% fish oil addition. Although fish oil contains a significant amount of n-3 PUFA, high deposition of SFA could have negative effects on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels. The most suitable oil is Schizochytrium microalga extract, which has a positive effect on EPA and DHA deposition, but does not contain significant amount of SFA, MUFA and PUFA n 6. Regarding the ratio of PUFA n-6/n-3, fish oil appears to be the second most suitable. The least suitable PUFA n-6/n-3 ratio is observed in safflower and palm oil.
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Vliv přídavku oleje do krmiva modelového organismu na zastoupení mastných kyselin ve vybraných tkáních
Kaňoková, Linda
The Master's thesis deals with the effect of feed enrichment with various types of oils on the deposition of fatty acids in selected tissues. Forty male Wistar Albino rats were divided into four groups and fed for 10 weeks daily ad libitum with a basic feed mixture enriched with 8 % palm, 8 % safflower, 8 % fish oil or 8 % microalgae Schizochytrium sp. oil. Rats had also free access to the drinking water. Fat from the tissue samples (liver, muscle, visceral fat) was extracted, converted to methyl esters and analyzed with usage of gas chromatography. The results of the experiment show that the addition of various types of oils to the feed of model organism can influence the deposition of fatty acids in its tissues. The addition of fish oil and microalgae Schizochytrium sp. oil caused statistically significant decrease (p < 0,05) in the ratio of PUFA n-6/n-3 in all observed tissues to a value of 1 or less compared to the addition of palm and safflower oil. Low ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is considered to be more desirable in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Unsaturated fatty acids in the diet of inpatients
KONHEFROVÁ, Veronika
The thesis with the name "Unsaturated fatty acids in the diet of inpatients" is divided into a theoretical and a research parts. The theoretical part is focused on sorting out lipids and the recommended daily dosing. Next there are described the chemical structure of fatty acids and basic differences between saturated (SFA) and unsaturated (trans and cis) fatty acids. The biggest part of the theory is formed by the unsaturated fatty acids, their characteristics, food source and their effect on people´s health. Dietetic system and its future development is described in the final part. The research part analysis took place in the Centre for prevention of lifestyle diseases in České Budějovice. It was analysed nine fourteen-day diet plans, which are most frequently served in the Jindřichův Hradec hospital, PLC. The research diets are 0 (liquid diet), 1 (mushy diet), 2 (soft diet), 3 (well-balanced diet), 4 (low-fat diet), 9 (diabetic diet), 9/2 (diabetic soft diet), 11 (nutritious diet) and 13 (diet for teenagers). The aim of this thesis is to calculate the amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the most frequently served diets of hospitalized patients in the Jindřichův Hradec hospital, PLC, with the help of the nutrition software Nutriservis Profesional/NutriDan and to compare the amounts of both MUFA and PUFA in the particular diets. The results of my analysis show that none of the diets meets the recommended SFA:MUFA:PUFA ratio (<1:1,4:>0,6). In the majority of ratios is the amount of SFA:MUFA about 2:1,4. That means that the diets contain quite high surfeit of SFA. However MUFA:PUFA ratios except diet 0 (both two weeks) and 2 (second week) are above the minimum recommended references, it can be said that these diet's compositions aren't so bad. Only it would be appropriate to reduce SFA in diets, which would improve ratios according to the recommendations. This finding corresponds to the Research question number 1 about the real distribution of unsaturated fatty acids in individual researched diets. The Research question 2 about the total fat intake in each diet is answered as follows. Diets differ in the representation of total fat grams for each day according to standard of Jindřichův Hradec hospital, PLC. Diets 1, 2, 4 have fluctuating levels of total fat and are largely below the references. The diet 0 does not even meet any hospital recommendations for any day, the other diets, 3, 9, 9/2, 11 and 13 have the fat excess. The fat excess is given with the excess of saturated fat acids in diets and a significant part will be probably formed by a NutriDan undefined component of fats (the difference between total fat and SFA + MUFA + PUFA). I assume that those are the trans-unsaturated fatty acids. The results of this thesis will help the nutrition therapists from the Jindřichův Hradec hospital, PLC as a feedback, so that they could improve the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in their diets according to the recommendations of nutrition companies.
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The lipid quality of our economically significant fish species
KREJSA, Jakub
The level of fish consumption in the Czech Republic is very low. One of the possible factors influencing this situation is low awareness of the customer or consumer. The thesis "The Lipid Quality of our economically significant fish species" works with the list of nineteen economically most significant fish species not only including fish from the semi-intensive and intensive breeding, but also such species that are interesting for the consumption from the sport fishing point of view. The samples taken from particular fish were primarily used for the analysis of the fat content and fatty acid composition. The analysis established very interesting results in this field and created basis for further analysis for establishing atherogenic and thrombogenic index or for formation of nutritive values mentioned as "Big 7" (fat content and the ratio of fatty acid out of it, sacharide content and the sugar ratio in it, protein content, ash content and energy value) by particular fish species according to the regulation ES 1169/2011. The results of this work confirmed that the fat content and its composition are highly influenced by the type of ingested nourishment. The fish bred in semi-intensive way with the highest fat content are Common carp (7,62 ? 2,9 %) and Silver carp (6,87 ? 1,37 %). On the contrary the predatory fish evinced the fat content usually within 1%. The fish from extensive breeding or the types caught in sport fishing are in the fat con-tent more balanced. The fattest fish in this group is Silver Bream (5,52 ? 0,44 %) and the lowest content evinced Goldfish (1,14 ? 0,38 %). Also the species living in the aquaculture and living in the free waters as well were compared (Common carp, Rainbow trout, Peled, Tench, Wels catfish). The fatty acid composition significantly depends on the fat content. The predatory fish contain 195 - 219 mg×100 g-1, the most (p0,05) was found by the peled from the extensive breed (1048 mg×100 g-1 EPA + DHA). The participation of SFA by the most of the fish was under 30%, the content of MUFA was the highest by the Common carp (52,71 ? 7,75 %), the lowest by the European perch (18,83 ? 1,12 %). Pike, Zander and European perch contain relatively the most of PUFA, this is over 50%. All the fish species (Nile tilapia excluded) show in this study the values of atherogenic index below 0,5 and thrombogenic index below 0,4. The total energetic value was counted from the results of nutritional values presented in the "Big 7" list. The higher energetic value is directly proportional to the increasing fat content. The fish species included in this thesis show the total energetic value in the range of 500 - 900 kJ×100 g-1. The results of this study bring complete, laboratory proven information about the nutrition composition of our fish. This data can be appli-cable not only to increase the knowledge of the customers but mainly to be used by breeders and manufacturers of fish as an implement of fulfilling the duty of stating the nutrition facts on their products according to ES 1169/2011 on the providing infor-mation about the eatables to the consumers.
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Effect of alternative feed on content of omega 3 fatty acids in fish muscles
KREJSA, Jakub
The aim of my bachelor thesis was to evaluate the effect of fish oil substitution for rapeseed oil in the feed on the fat content and fatty acid composition in the flesh of Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the finishing feeding technology. The experiment was conducted in 2012 for the period of 135 days. The individuals of Brook trout were divided into four groups. The first two groups were fed with the feed containing only rapeseed or fish oil. The feeding of the remaining two groups was divided into two phases. In the first phase the fish oil was partly replaced by the rapeseed oil. In the second phase the fish oil was replaced by the feed which contained fish oil only. It was proved that a half replacement of the fish oil with the rapeseed oil does not influence the content of fat in the flesh of Brook trout. We observed that the fish had the higher content of MUFA and n-6 PUFA and lower content of n-3 PUFA, DHA, EPA and n-3/n-6 with increasing period where the feed with rapeseed oil was served. Following application of the finishing feeding technology with the use of feed with fish oil had the opposite effects. Furthermore, the dilution model was proved to be highly reliable for the prediction of the fatty acids composition. Based on these findings, it is possible to predict changes of fatty acid composition in the flesh of Brook trout as well as to predict how long is needed to apply finishing feeding to reach required content of EPA+DHA or n-3 HUFA.
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