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Bone regeneration and its analysis
Tesařová, Adéla ; Hovořáková, Mária (advisor) ; Zahradníček, Oldřich (referee)
Bone regeneration can take place throughout life as a natural process (remodeling) or because of trauma when fractures heal in which the damaged or missing part is replaced by new tissue. The aim of my bachelor thesis was to create a literature search on the issue of bone regeneration. The introductory part deals with the bone as such - its structure and the process of new formation (ossification) and remodeling. The following section describes some of the methods used to support bone regeneration in therapy - selected types of carriers and molecules that play an important role in regeneration and are part of the carriers or therapies used. At the end of the thesis, the basic methods used to analyze bone regeneration are described and provide us with an insight into the success of the tested therapeutic approaches, how well the bone heals and how effective the methods used are. The bachelor thesis was processed in the form of a literary search.
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Prenatal limb development and its pathology
Skoupá, Veronika ; Hovořáková, Mária (advisor) ; Zahradníček, Oldřich (referee)
Limb defects are the second most common congenital disease in children. They occur in the prenatal period and are most often caused by genetic defects or chromosomal abnormalities. Limb defects can also be caused by the action of various teratogens, which can disrupt the development of the fetus. The prenatal development of a child is an extremely complicated sequence of a large number of interconnected events, which, despite considerable advances and discoveries in the field of molecular biology over the last few decades, we still do not fully understand. The present thesis tries to summarize the problem of limb defects from their origin, through possible causes to several diseases that are associated with limb anomalies. Improvement of our knowledge in the field of limb development and defects associated with it is important for accurate prenatal diagnosis and subsequent successful treatment of patients.
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Modulation of the pharyngeal dentition during the vertebrate evolution
Novotná, Štěpánka ; Soukup, Vladimír (advisor) ; Zahradníček, Oldřich (referee)
Teeth represent a key evolutionary novelty of vertebrates. The dentition of the majority of extant vertebrates is present in the oral cavity associated with jaws and palate and/or in the pharyngeal cavity asscociated with the last pharyngeal arch. The ancestral state of the vertebrate dentition is considered to be presence of teeth through the whole oropharyngeal cavity. This state is however preserved only in few members of extant osteichthyans (for example bichir and latimeria). The other vertebrates gradually lost the pharyngeal dentition. The basal groups of actinopterygians meet the conditions of preservation of the ancestral states and are thus relevant for understanding the initial state in the evolution of vertebrate dentitions. On the other hand, some derived actinopterygian lineages contain members with the most specialized pharyngeal dentitions. This bachelor thesis concentrates on the description of pharyngeal dentitions accross vertebrates and focuses on members of basal actinopterygian lineages (bichir, sturgeon and gar), which from the point of view of dental evolution represent crutial, although neglected animals. Detailed description of pharyngeal dentitions of these animals will form a basis for the upcoming Diploma project. Key words: teeth, dentition, evolution, vertebrates, pharynx
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Mechanism of complex tooth shape development in reptiles
Landová, Marie ; Zahradníček, Oldřich ; Dosedělová, Hana ; Kavková, M. ; Zikmund, T. ; Buchtová, Marcela
Tooth shape formation in mammals is well known proces thanks to the broad studies on the mouse molars. The main role in regulation of this proces plays the enamel knot. Enamel knots are formed by cluster of cells, which serves as a source of numerous signalling molecules such as SHH or members of WNT, BMP and FGF families. Almost all our knowledge about teeth came from study on the mouse model. For better understanding of odontogenesis, it is however necessary to compare developmental processes to another species. One of the most heterogenic group of dentition type and shape are reptiles. How the shape of their teeth completed is still unknown. Aim of our study is therefore to uncover developmental processes involved in cusp formation in non-mammalian species with focus on reptiles. As model species for this study, we selected chameleons where multicuspis teeth develop in the caudal area of the jaw.
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Dlx genes in odontogenesis and craniofacial mophogenesis in bichirs
Macháčová, Simona ; Černý, Robert (advisor) ; Zahradníček, Oldřich (referee)
Bichirs, Polypteriformes, are a basal group of vertebrates with many unique characters as ganoid scales, fleshy pectoral fin, spiraculum or paired lung originated from ventral outpocketing from floor of pharynx. Among the most notable is also the dentition, which contatin teeth among whole area of oropharyngeal cavity. This arrangement is not easily call oral and pharyngeal, what is recently used e.g. for medaka, because it is only one dention with teeth on majority of oral as well as pharyngeal elements. This diploma thesis utilizes expression patterns of Dlx genes to visualize morphogenesis of dentition and pharyngeal arches in the Senegal Bichir (Polypterus senegalus). The very first developing teeth of oral dentition, as well as its further patterning were detected and accurately located using gene expression analyses. It was also discovered an interesting histological context connected with unique mouth opening mechanism during early development of teeth in oral cavity. Another discussion point is establishment of dorsoventral polarization in pharyngeal arches development of bichir based on results from Dlx gene expression analysis. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Evolutionary and developmental aspects of dentition of squamate reptiles
Zahradníček, Oldřich ; Horáček, Ivan (advisor) ; Míšek, Ivan (referee) ; Peterková, Renata (referee)
EVOLUTIONARY AND DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF DENTITION OF SQUAMATE REPTILES Summary of the PhD. thesis Dentition and its evolutionary modifications played important roles during the radiation of reptiles. It is generally accepted that a plesiomorphic state for reptiles is represented by homodont, polyphyodont dentition with conical or cylindroconical teeth. However, in contrast to mammalian dentition which is the object of intensive research, reptilian dentition is studied only rarely. I therefore focused on developmental and evolutionary aspects of squamate dentition and used histological, immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization methods, computerised tomography, rentgenography and scanning electron microskopy. The goals of this work were as following: (a) to choose the model taxa representing squamate lineages relevant from a phylogenetic position as well as possessing dissimilar types of dental adaptations; (b) to evaluate using of these taxa as model species; (c) in these taxa describe basic odontogenic features. As a species with generalized dentition gecko Paroedura picta was chosen, the up coming reptilian model species with features also present in a wide spectrum of other lizards. I focused mainly on the developmental differences between teeth of the null and functional generations, development...
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