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Inaugural Examination at the Dental Hygienist's Office
Ptáčková, Zuzana ; Jiroutová, Olga (advisor) ; Křížová, Petra (referee)
This bachelor thesis focuses on various aspects of the initial examination of a patient in the dental hygienist's office. It deals with the correct execution of the examination, further on with its' registration and its' application for treatment. Examining the patient is important for preventing unforeseen situations, for establishing a relationship with the patient and for providing optimal care. The examination is influenced by factors which include: time, cooperation with the doctor, the dental hygienist, and others. The theoretical part concentrates on diseases, whose symptoms can be observed on the face and in the oral cavity of the patient as long as the examination is done correctly. In the practical part, a questionnaire study deals with the execution of the examination and the subsequent therapy. Another part of the work is a picture atlas of the examination in dentistry.
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Inaugural Examination at the Dental Hygienist's Office
Ptáčková, Zuzana ; Jiroutová, Olga (advisor) ; Křížová, Petra (referee)
This bachelor thesis focuses on various aspects of the initial examination of a patient in the dental hygienist's office. It deals with the correct execution of the examination, further on with its' registration and its' application for treatment. Examining the patient is important for preventing unforeseen situations, for establishing a relationship with the patient and for providing optimal care. The examination is influenced by factors which include: time, cooperation with the doctor, the dental hygienist, and others. The theoretical part concentrates on diseases, whose symptoms can be observed on the face and in the oral cavity of the patient as long as the examination is done correctly. In the practical part, a questionnaire study deals with the execution of the examination and the subsequent therapy. Another part of the work is a picture atlas of the examination in dentistry.
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Food intolerance- facts and myths
Ptáčková, Zuzana ; Piecha, Roman (advisor) ; Kosák, Mikuláš (referee)
This bachelor's thesis focuses on the facts and myths about two kinds of food intolerance: celiac disease and lactose intolerance. The thesis consists of a practical and a theoretical part. The theoretical part is further divided into three sections. The first one focuses on celiac disease and describes gluten, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms of the disease, diagnostics, dietary solutions, celiac disease screening, other similar diseases and also a comparison of allergy to gluten and sensitivity to gluten as these are commonly confused. The second section focuses on lactose intolerance and describes lactase, epidemiology, etiology, symptoms, complications, diagnostics and treatment. This section also focuses on milk allergy, which is often mistaken with lactose intolerance. The third section focuses mainly on the facts and myths and contains tables showing the differences between celiac disease, lactose intolerance and milk intolerance. The most common myths about celiac disease, gluten, gluten-free diet and milk are also mentioned. The goal of the practical part of this thesis was to examine a group of patients suffering from celiac disease and make a comparison of the acquired data with the existing literature. For example, this thesis focuses on the frequency of the symptoms,...
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Interactions of antiretrovirals with drug efflux transporters and their role in the transplacental pharmacokinetics
Ptáčková, Zuzana ; Štaud, František (advisor) ; Trejtnar, František (referee) ; Ulčová-Gallová, Zdeňka (referee)
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Candidate: Mgr. Zuzana Ptáčková Supervisor: prof. PharmDr. František Štaud, Ph.D. Consultant: PharmDr. Lukáš Červený, Ph.D. Title of doctoral thesis: Interactions of antiretrovirals with drug efflux transporters and their role in the transplacental pharmacokinetics The combination antiretroviral therapy that should be administered during the whole pregnancy is the backbone of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. One of the prophylactic mechanisms of such treatment is the presence of antiretrovirals in the fetal circulation. However this can be associated with the potentially harmful effects of drugs on the developing fetus. To select optimal therapy while minimizing risks it is inevitable to have detailed knowledge of all the factors affecting transplacental transport of drugs. The aim of this study was to detect whether drug efflux transporters are able to protect fetus against xenobiotics can affect the transplacental pharmacokinetics of the selected antiretroviral drugs. Employing variety of in vitro, in vivo, in situ and ex vivo methods we determined the role of the drug efflux transporters in the distribution of drugs between mother and fetus. We suggested that...
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Interactions of antiretrovirals with drug efflux transporters and their role in the transplacental pharmacokinetics
Ptáčková, Zuzana ; Štaud, František (advisor) ; Trejtnar, František (referee) ; Ulčová-Gallová, Zdeňka (referee)
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Candidate: Mgr. Zuzana Ptáčková Supervisor: prof. PharmDr. František Štaud, Ph.D. Consultant: PharmDr. Lukáš Červený, Ph.D. Title of doctoral thesis: Interactions of antiretrovirals with drug efflux transporters and their role in the transplacental pharmacokinetics The combination antiretroviral therapy that should be administered during the whole pregnancy is the backbone of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. One of the prophylactic mechanisms of such treatment is the presence of antiretrovirals in the fetal circulation. However this can be associated with the potentially harmful effects of drugs on the developing fetus. To select optimal therapy while minimizing risks it is inevitable to have detailed knowledge of all the factors affecting transplacental transport of drugs. The aim of this study was to detect whether drug efflux transporters are able to protect fetus against xenobiotics can affect the transplacental pharmacokinetics of the selected antiretroviral drugs. Employing variety of in vitro, in vivo, in situ and ex vivo methods we determined the role of the drug efflux transporters in the distribution of drugs between mother and fetus. We suggested that...
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Clinical biochemical indicators used in diagnostics of equine diseases
Puldová, Doubravka ; Ptáčková, Zuzana (advisor) ; Krejčířová, Romana (referee)
The thesis aims to compile overview of main biochemical indicators that are important in for diagnostics of equine diseases.
Clinical biochemistry is a medical discipline that uses biochemistry and pathobiochemistry for the determination of diagnosis based on activity changes of analytes observed. Laboratory evaluation of analytes has three phases: pre-analytical (preparation of patient to sampling, sampling and sample storage and transport), analytic (analysis) and post-analytical (evaluation of results, veterinarian also contributes in this part). Pre-analytial phase is the most time consuming and also the most error prone. The errors mostly occur during preparation of the patient, during sampling or sample transportation. The most analyzed materials for biochemical analysis are blood, urine and liquor.
Biochemical indicators are compound that are often influenced by the disease, therefore it is possible to use them for the diagnosis. Nitrogen metabolism indicators include proteins, urea, creatinine and ammonia. Enzymes (aminotransferase, gama-glutamyltransferase, glutamatedehydrogenase, lactatedehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinkinase and sorbitoldehydrogenase are the main indicators of liver function (they contribute on the metabolism of another compounds) or of the fitness of horse. Glucose and lactate values indicate energetic metabolism, cholesterol and triglycerides indicate lipid metabolism. Water and electrolyte metabolism indicators are sodium, potassium and chlorides. The mineral profile is shown by calcium, magnesium and phosphorus.
The result of determination of analytes is compared with reference values that are not only species-specific but can be also influenced by age or sex. These values represent the range of the compound concentration in body fluid under physiological conditions. It is important to take the clinical symptoms into the account. Not all indicators that are usually indicated in human medicine or different animals are suitable for diagnosis of equine diseases. Majority of indicators diagnose equine-rare diseases (i.e. diabetes mellitus or hepatitis). Determinations of muscle enzymes and lactate are important for the fitness analysis.
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Vaginal Cytology in the Bitch
Doudová, Kateřina ; Krejčířová, Romana (advisor) ; Ptáčková, Zuzana (referee)
Vaginal cytology is microscopic examination method which is used to evaluation phases of oestrus cycle and possibility of result time the best date for successful breeding. Substance of the examination is subjective evaluation of the epithelium and cell morphology. Vaginal cytology is influenced by levels of sexual hormones which are typical for individual phases of oestrus cycle. Regular physiologic changes on internal and external sexual organs happen during oestrus cycle. Canine behaviour, espacially with regard on refusal or accept dogs, is depending on phases of interval. Oestrus is in the bitch usually twice a year, in 5 to 12 month cycles. Oestrus cycle is devided into individual phases: proestrus, estrus, metestrus and anestrus. In terms of sexual behavior of females the whole estrous cycle can be distinguished into a period of sexual willingness (proestrus, estrus) and the period of sexual reluctance (metestrus, anestrus). Proestrus begins as a regression of the corpus luteum and finishes with onset of estrus. At the end of proestrus LH surge occurs after which further 24 to 48 hours ovulation follows. Proestrus is characterized by progressively increasing size of the vulva, vaginal epithelial proliferation, cornification epithelum of vagina and vulva swelling. For this stage parabasal and intermedial cells, erythrocytes and leukocytes are typical in the cytological smear of vagina.
Estrus is the period of sexual willingness. In this period matured follicle burst and subsequent egg ovulation. In this cytology smear dominating superficial squamous cells are typical for this period. There can observed erytrocytes. In initial period of estrus too large intermediate cells often appear. In the next period, metestrus, the corpus luteum is gradually developing. Cytology smear from vagina is characterized by the presence of large numbers of neutrophils, typical are parabasal and small intermediate cells. In anestrus manifests luteal activity of the corpus luteum. Vaginal cytology is characterized by finding parabasal, small intermediate cells and leukocytes. Vaginal cytology is a simple, quick, noninvasive and inexpensive procedure that allows us to identify the stage of the reproductive cycle of bitches and to diagnose some pathologic conditions of the genital tract (hormonal dysfunctions, inflammatory or neoplastic diseases). More than other domestic animals vaginal cytologic changes are expressed in the bitch which correlate with each phase of the estrous cycle.
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Pseudogravidity in the Female Dog
Rybnikářová, Kateřina ; Krejčířová, Romana (advisor) ; Ptáčková, Zuzana (referee)
A condition known as false pregnancy or pseudopregnancy characterises a normal course of the luteal phase of the reproductive cycle in non-pregnant bitches with abnormal external signs mimicking pregnancy and parturition. The cause of pseudopregnancy is probably an increased sensitivity of some bitches to normal internal hormonal changes during the luteal phase of the reproductive cycle. Above all it is an abnormal reaction of the organism to increased progesterone or prolactin levels. Pathophysiology of emergence of external signs of a pseudopregnancy has not yet been fully clarified. Onset of clinical signs of a pseudopregnancy (especially on mammary glands) is linked to a reduction in progesterone levels and increased prolactin concentration in peripheral blood.
Non-pregnant bitches exhibit variously intense signs of pregnancy and parturition in 2 - 8-week intervals after typical oestrus. The intensity of signs can vary from slight swelling of mammary glands with mild milk secretion to general signs of pregnancy, such as increased appetite, changes in appetite, abdominal volume enlargement, preparation of nests for the young. General signs may culminate in an imitation of parturition. Therapy is not required in cases when the bitch shows less severe signs because a pseudopregnancy is not a real disorder of the reproductive cycle and it by itself does not reduce fertility of the bitch. An appropriate course of treatment for bitches showing a strong secretion of milk from mammary glands should be consulted with a veterinarian and the occurrence of mastitis, inflammation of the uterus and other diseases should be prevented.
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