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Once More on Voltaire’s “Work” in Bohemia, or Why Dobrovský Postponed Reading It
Madl, Claire
The definition of a work as an event is apt for characterising Voltaire’s writings. For not only do we record their impact on historical events, but we also consider Voltaire himself one of the first intellectuals to step out into the public arena to change the “state of affairs”. However, this topicality of his work is certainly a difficulty when examining its reception in the Czech Lands in the generations of his contemporaries, i.e. the actors of the “Czech Enlightenment” and the first Czech National Revival. A more thorough analysis of this matter (Minař, Kopal, Vodička 1964) not only observed the popularity of Voltaire’s plays and hints of “Voltairianism” as a critical or even ironic approach towards monasticism, superstition, clericalism and fatalism, but also noted that local authors only claimed allegiance to Voltaire in order to explicitly reject a figure that embodied theism and free-thinking. Dobrovsky’s often commented hesitation to read Voltaire’s work seems particularly enigmatic. Thanks to the now more accessible knowledge about book imports to the Czech Lands and using two conceptual approaches, we will try to contribute to this discussion and, subsequently, to the definition of a work and its impact on society. First, we will take into account the material nature of a work, whose dissemination depends on its physical characteristics. In the case of Voltaire, the language of dissemination of his writings and the nature of the book market in the second half of the 18th century seem to be crucial for the Czech Lands. Furthermore, the angle of viewing Voltaire’s work was strongly influenced by the social context of his reputation. Finally, censorship practices were an inevitable but ambiguous obstacle. This approach can situate the moments of reception of a work in the temporality of its never-finished construction, which, following Pierre-Michel Menger, we will conceive as a process of its “rarefaction, consolidation and growth”.
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Langue d'oc in the scientists' discourse before and after the French Revolution
Křivánková, Alena ; Klusáková, Luďa (advisor) ; Madl, Claire (referee)
The master thesis The Langue d'oc in the Scholarly Discourse Before and After The Great French Revolution considers the image of the Occitan language in the lexico-graphical and grammatico-graphical works that have been written between the beginning of the 18th and the mid-19th century. During this epoch, in the framework of a diglossic model, the language in question had been suffering a status of a dominated language. At the same time, however, it had awaken an interest of many scholars whose motivations for their studies ranged from a will to contribute to a proliferation of Francization to an effort to save the Occitan language and restore its own dignity. It is precisely this motivation, as well as the denominations which our authors had given to the language in question and also their strategies for its valorization or devalorization, that this text engages with. The socio-linguistic situation in the Pays d'Oc and the impact of The French Revolution and of its linguistic politics on the presence and the representation of the Occitan are also being examined. These phenomena are studied in the framework of a theory of the formation of nations by Miroslav Hroch as the phase A of the Occitan movement which had remained, at least during this phase, a purely cultural phenomenon, that is to say a...
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