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The Analysis of Oligopolistic Structure on the Czech Audit Market
Šindelář, Michal ; Müllerová, Libuše (advisor) ; Králíček, Vladimír (referee) ; Vyleťalová, Květoslava (referee)
The dissertation thesis is processed in the form of a set of original and published articles with specific results from the methodologically or thematically related areas. The aim of the dissertation is to obtain information about the audit market in the Czech Republic from the point of view of oligopolistic structure and to compare the results with an international research in this area. The issue of the audit market was not a frequent subject of academic analyses in the Czech Republic, therefore the dissertation tries to fill this gap. The oligopolistic structure interferes audit in several risk areas. It threatens the independence of the auditor in the context of the simultaneous provision of audit and non-audit services. The existence of a high market concentration may also indicate negative impacts on the overall quality of the audits performed. The main contribution of the work lies in the analysis of the market concentration on the data of the Czech Republic. The dissertation as a whole analyses the Czech audit market between the years 2010-2015 and presents a view of academic research on market concentration in the Czech Republic. In terms of data source, the dissertation deals with areas of higher social importance, i.e. areas of public interest entities respectively listed companies, which is also typical for international research. Therefore, the conclusions of the dissertation cannot be generalized to the field of the audit market represented by companies that are not public interest entities. From the methodological point of view, the dissertation in its analytical part is based mainly on internationally recognized statistical methods for measuring market concentration, namely the concentration ratio and the Herfindahl-Hirschman index. The most important conclusion is the finding that there is a comparable level of market concentration in the Czech audit market with large audit markets. The analysis shows that Big 4 firms occupy approximately 85% of the audit market and this share remains unchanged between the years 2011-2014.
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Due Diligence
Šmídová, Jekaterina ; Králíček, Vladimír (advisor) ; Müllerová, Libuše (referee) ; Jiroudek, Jaromír (referee)
One of the main strategic goals of an owner is the growth of their company. To seek company growth in todays ever changing world, company owners and their management frequently turn to the discipline of mergers and acquisitions (hereinafter M&A). This M&A focus is evidenced by the sustained long term growth of the M&A markets, which for example in the Czech Republic alone amounted to a 38% increase between the years 2015 and 2016. The transaction decision making process takes place with an information deficit to the detriment of the buyer. 50% to 70% of transactions will be identified as not meeting the expectations of the buyer, and this is in large part due to the information deficit on the part of the buyer. This thesis takes as its subject due diligence, a tool that enables the buyer to mitigate (but never to fully overcome) the risks brought about by the information deficit. The due diligence process enables the buyer to gather information on the target company and to get to know it in greater detail prior to assuming the full risks of ownership. Due diligence becomes a key component of the M&A process, with direct impact on the transaction valuation and evaluation of the future performance of the target company. This thesis will provide all parties interested in the M&A process with an overview of both general and specific characteristics of the due diligence process and its key components. It will also widen the traditional understanding of the due diligence process, shifting it from a mere pre-investment check-up to a more complex and robust process, that includes the setup of post transaction integration guidelines. The purpose of this thesis is to provide an analysis of the due diligence process in its wider connotations, with emphasis on financial due diligence and post transaction integration. As part of this analysis the key milestones of the due diligence process were identified, and their influence on the increase of the likelihood of a successful M&A process is examined. Based on the stated purpose of this thesis a null hypothesis was formulated (and the analysis and evaluation of the said hypothesis is the goal of this thesis): Due diligence, in its traditional understanding, is a fundamental support tool for the successful realization of mergers and acquisitions. The methodology applied to the examination of the null hypothesis comprises the detailed analysis of information from specialized and academic publications, their theoretical evaluation and comparison to case studies. In line with the stated goal and its hypothesis, this thesis is structured into six chapters. The first chapter defines the term theory of a company and examines the basic economic reasons for the creation and existence of companies. The second chapter describes transactions dedicated to companies and focuses on the underlying reasons for undertaking transactions, and their effect on the methodology of due diligence. The third chapter defines due diligence, describes the process and its key components, and provides theoretical recommendations. The fourth chapter focuses on the practical undertaking of a due diligence process, and examines the applicability of the theoretical recommendations in real life. The fifth chapter examines the post-transaction components of due diligence. The sixth chapter focuses on examination of factors critical to the undertaking of a due diligence, and also on the contractual tools available for the mitigation of the inherent risks. The sources of information for this thesis are mainly, but not limited to, foreign specialized and academic literature focused on mergers and acquisitions, international and local published research, and own research undertaken for the purpose of this thesis. The detailed analytical work undertaken and described in this thesis enabled the evaluation of the null hypothesis and the completion of the stated thesis goal.
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Accounting frauds
Stančíková, Lucie ; Šindelář, Michal (advisor) ; Müllerová, Libuše (referee)
The main aim of barchelor thesis is to look at frauds in accounting. The first chapter tries to define the border between fraud and creative accounting and to highlight the main differences because these terms can be often mistaken. In the second chapter there are incentives that cause fraudulent behaviour. The third chapter elaborates various ways of frauds in accountancy which appear not only in financial statements but also out of them. The next chapter includes examples of real frauds committed in the Czech Republic as well as abroad. The conclusion looks at several ways of prevention which can help us fighting against frauds.
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Cancellation of a limited liability company with liquidation
Hradecká, Michaela ; Šindelář, Michal (advisor) ; Müllerová, Libuše (referee)
The subject of the bachelor thesis is the processing of the situation where the limited liability company is cancelled and its liquidation process is taking place. The thesis deals with the process of legal, accounting and tax liquidation. The beginning of the theoretical part explains the individual concepts related to liquidation, furthermore the differences between voluntary and involuntary abolition of the company. In the next parts, the thesis deals with individual steps in different aspects in chronological order. In the practical part, the fictitious company is voluntarily liquidated on the basis of the shareholders' decisions, and this liquidation is in practice carried out mainly from the accounting point of view.
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Creative accounting
Turok, Yuliya ; Šindelář, Michal (advisor) ; Müllerová, Libuše (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focused on research of Creative accounting. Different concepts arising with this issue and main methods of creative accounting are defined in this written work. There is also a specification of main characters, ones who are participating in the process itself, and ones who are mainly affected by creative accounting. There is an exploration of fraudulent behavior from the general point of view, and the emphasis is made on fraudulent financial reporting and division into different levels of manipulation with financial reports, which creative accounting is a part of. The written work also includes examples of the application of some methods in practice. In the end, there is a mention about world-famous scandals that are more common to be connected with creative accounting.
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The different profit and loss of previous years
Poláková, Dominika ; Šindelář, Michal (advisor) ; Müllerová, Libuše (referee)
The Bachelor´s thesis deals with the different profit and loss of previous years, which is first introduced in the Czech legislation in 2013 when there was a change in the reporting of significant corrections of mistakes in costs (returns), changes in the method and the first accounting for deferred tax from the resultant method to the balance, which does not affect the profit of the current period. In practical terms, the thesis deals with ways of reporting the different profit and loss of previous years' operations in the statements of individual entities. The result of the examination is the correctness of compliance with statutory requirements in the reporting of the balance sheet item, especially with respect to the explanatory comment in the notes to the financial statements.
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The issue of operative lease
Matušová, Tereza ; Šindelář, Michal (advisor) ; Müllerová, Libuše (referee)
The focus of this bachelor thesis is on operative lease, primarily from the providing company's point of view. The thesis elaborates on its accounting and how the process works. It will also explain important relevant points, such as legal advantages and disadvantages of why you should buy cars on operative lease. The aim of the thesis is to help with understanding the accounting of the two most common types acquisition of the object of the operative lease in everyday life. All theoretical knowledge is applied to practical real-life examples.
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Acquisition of fixed assets from accounting and tax perspective according to Czech regulations
Duchatschová, Markéta ; Müllerová, Libuše (advisor) ; Coufal, Jan (referee)
The diploma thesis is divided to 5 chapters, which describe accounting and tax problematics of acquisition of fixed assets according to Czech tax and accounting regulations. I would describe systematically and organized accounting and tax resposibilities during the evidence of fixed assets and show unusual form of acquisition of fixed assets, because it is a goal of thesis. Thesis starts with definition of fixed assets, their statutory regulation and their sorts. Then I focused on ways of acquisition of assets and on the related valuation. The third chapter solves technical evaluation of own or leased assets. The penultimate chapter describes accounting and tax depreciation and the related deferred tax. The last fifth chapter describes a strange sort of acquisition of fixed assets, specifically a leasing business establishment.
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Employee benefits from accounting and tax perspective
Johansenová, Ann-Katie ; Müllerová, Libuše (advisor) ; Černý, Václav (referee)
The thesis focuses on the accounting and tax perspective of employee benefits. The opening section of the work contains basic definitions of terms related to renumeration of employees and describes legal regulations of benefits especially within the Labour Code and Act on Income Tax. The part dedicated to tax solution of employee benefits examines possibilities of tax optimization for employees and employers. Further it includes also an analysis of judicial decisions of the Supreme Administrative Court related to tax disputes between the tax authorities and employers. The final part focuses on comparison of financial reporting according to the International Accounting Standards specifically IAS 19 and Czech accounting legislation.
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Accounting and tax aspects of cars used for business
Vobořilová, Michaela ; Müllerová, Libuše (advisor) ; Černý, Václav (referee)
The focus of this work is to look closer at the car in business, both from the accounting perspective and the tax one. The term "car in business" means the one that is used in the business operation, not the car defined as goods. First of all the thesis deals with the basic terms in relation to the vehicles. Then the car is described as a long-term tangible property (asset). The ways of car´s acquisition follows together with the determination of the entry price of the vehicle. There is also a chapter devoted to the reduction and increase of the vehicle´s value, namely technical appreciation, depreciation and creation of adjustments. Separately there is a chapter focusing on costs (expenses) related to the operation with a car. Because a car has a limited lifetime, the disposal of asset is covered in the practical part as well. Based on the content of the practical part, there is also a chapter which briefly describes operating lease in terms of Czech accounting legislation and in terms of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). The practical part deals with comparison of vehicles acquired by operating lease and purchased vehicles, in a particular company.
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