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Historical view of the treatment of a new born child in the Czech Republic.
KRATINOVÁ, Lucie
This diploma thesis named " Historical view of the treatment of a new born child in the Czech Republic" is a purely theoretical work. The main aim of this thesis is to review and analyse opinions concerning childbirth care and the mother-child skin-to-skin contact by placing the baby to mother´s breast. The conception of this thesis is a historical analytical research into both the primary and secondary literary sources and the analysis of the content of the reviewed opinions, the focus aimed at the period from ancient times to the 21st century. In this thesis, not only the care of a new-born child and putting the baby to mother´s breast is described, but also other professions dealing with the relevant techniques and their practicing are mentioned. In ancient times, birth care was provided by experienced trusted women who passed their skills and knowledge on from generation to generation. At those past times the care at birth was closely linked to religion, rituals and magic. In the course of time, the midwife profession came into existence. Midwifes began to educate themselves by reading textbooks where they could find complex advice on how to proceed in certain situations and how to handle new-born child in contact with its mother coming into world in home environment Later on, women began to move birth from home to maternity hospital. Former midwifes became birth assistants and gynaecology nurses. The new-born care began to be shared between paediatric nurses and gynaecology nurses. As a consequence, mothers could see their child several hours, even several days after birth. The development and advancement of medical science consequently brought changed insight into the birth care techniques. In the second half of the 20th century there was an important change of the attitude towards child birth care focussed on the return to natural birth giving process also in maternity hospital, in order that the newborn could again be in direct contact with its mother from the first moment outside the womb. Based on this point of view, first the rooming-in system followed by the more sophisticated Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative method were developed and introduced. At the beginning of 21st century obstetrics reached a very high level. New-born babies receive immediate care adequate to their health condition.
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Infant colic in the general practitioner's office for children and adolescents.
KRATINOVÁ, Lucie
The bachelor thesis deals with an issue of infantile colic in a surgery of a general practitioner for children and adolescents. This issue is usually discussed between mothers and nurses, who recommend a regime remedy and combine classical easement of colic with pharmacological means. Preceding the qualitative research, 4 main aims were set, which surveyed work of nurses in a surgery of general practitioners for children and adolescents, areas of education, nurses´ orientation and parents´ knowledge of this issue. Three research questions connected with the aims were set. The first one deals with nurses´ roles in the care about an infant with infantile colic. The second one deals with parents´ education. The third one surveyed knowledge and experience of nurses in the care about an infant with infantile colic. This research was implemented through half-structured interviews in 7 surgeries of general practitioners for children and adolescents in the Region of South Bohemia. The quantitative part of the research was implemented through a questionnaire method. The questionnaires verified the hypothesis that there are differences in parents´ awareness of an issue of infantile colic in relation to an occurrence of this illness at their children. It was discovered that the specifics of nurses´ care about an infant with infantile colic in a surgery of a general practitioner for children and adolescents inhere in mother´s education. Nurses inform about breastfeeding, right bottle feeding, positioning, burping and massages for infants. They usually recommend breastfeeding mothers a change of food in case of infantile colic. Nurses are well aware with this issue and they have enough information. Furthermore, it was revealed that parents of children with infantile colic have more information about the issue than parents whose children do not suffer from infantile colic. This thesis should be used for learning about the issue of infantile colic as well as for an outlook of possible methods for easing the problems related to it.
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Exceptions to the harmonizing measures of the law of the European Union
Kratinová, Lucie ; Zemánek, Jiří (advisor) ; Král, Richard (referee)
This final thesis gives an overview of possibilities given to Member states by European law to differentiate the legislature the way it fits their national needs. It might be difficult for all Member states to participate in all European policies as it is stated in Treaties, directives or regulations as the Member state cannot or does not want to follow the mainstream of integration. European law then provides the means how to differentiate from the provisions to secure that any harm will be caused to a Member state. In the first part of the thesis, some basic terms to understand the subject are introduced such as differentiation, harmonisation, flexibility and integration itself. In the second chapter you can find the process of harmonization and the power within that the institutions of European Union can operate. Some disputes about how the powers are exercised are also introduced here. The differentiated integration had some development which laid the foundations to the current situation and therefore the development is described in this chapter. There are more ways how to differentiate within the European law, chapter number 3 gives a basic overview of these possibilities. It mentions multiple-speed Europe, variable geometry and integration á la carte, and gives some practical examples to understand...
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