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Potential of flux-variance and surface renewal methods for sensible heat flux measurements at agricultural and forest surfaces
Fischer, Milan ; Katul, G. ; Pozníková, Gabriela ; Noormets, A. ; Domec, J.-C. ; Trnka, Miroslav ; King, J.
Two alternative micrometeorological methods, flux-variance (FV) and surface renewal (SR), based on\nmeasurements of high-frequency temperature fluctuation and Obukhov length stability parameter, were\ntested against eddy covariance (EC) sensible heat flux (H) measurements. The study was conducted at\nthree sites representing agricultural, forestry, and agroforestry systems. In terms of measurement setup,\nthese sites represented surface, roughness, and canopy top layer, respectively. As expected, the best match\nof all the methods was in the surface layer, whilst it was poorer in the roughness and canopy sublayers.\nSystematic deviation from EC across all three investigated surfaces was within 16% and 8% for FV and SR,\nrespectively. While FV resulted in higher correlation with EC measurements (0.93–0.98 vs. 0.89–0.97),\nSR provided less systematic biases (1.02–1.08 vs. 0.94–1.16). In general, both FV and SR provided slightly\nhigher H as compared to EC. We suggest that parallel deployment of FV and SR is useful, as both methods\nrequire the same instrumentation yet they are based on sufficiently different theories. Therefore, the agreement\nbetween FV and SR increases confidence in the results obtained and vice versa.
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Extended Producer Responsibility: Potential and Limits. An Analysis of EPR in Theory and Practice
King, James ; Kozák, Kryštof (advisor) ; Polák, Miloš (referee)
Waste management is becoming a hot topic in policy circles. Municipal governments, which are largely responsible for building and maintaining waste disposal networks, are keen to find ways of minimising the cost of disposing of waste and the sheer amount of waste society produces. Unfortunately, market and corporatist approaches do not take waste management into consideration, rather leaving waste management to local authorities, and without government coercion will usually not concern themselves with environmentally-friendly product design, waste minimisation or the reuse, re- manufacturing or recycling of the product at the end of its life cycle. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) provides a framework for involving the producers of goods in the full life cycle of their products, particularly the end of it. As the name suggests, it is about the extension of responsibility for waste management to the producer, which is in effect an internalisation of the costs of waste management and disposal to the production level. This thesis undertakes a theoretical analysis of Extended Producer Responsibility and subsequently performs a comparison of two case studies to ascertain the viability of the program in practice. The first case study concerns the Dutch Packaging Covenants of 1991-2005, which...
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