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Development of high-performance liquid chromatography methods for determination of major components of tobacco
Rozkovcová, Lucie ; Jelínek, Ivan (advisor) ; Křížek, Tomáš (referee)
The aim of this work was development of high-performance liquid chromatography method with DAD detection for determination of nicotine in tobacco. Standard operating procedure used by World Health Organization was chosen as comparison of the developed method. Optimized high performance chromatography method is suitable for determining nicotine in tobacco. Limit of detection for this method was 0,0003 mg/ml and limit of quantification was 0,0010 mg/ml. Optimization of preparation of samples was significant part of this thesis. Sample preparation procedure was made substantially easier in comparison to other commonly used methods. Nicotine content was determined from real tobacco leaves samples, cigarette tobacco filler, nicotine cartridge for electronic cigarettes and pipe tobacco. Satisfactory relative standard deviation was achieved for all types of samples. Next part of this thesis focused on study of determining polyphenols using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector. Chosen analytes were chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutine, scopoletine and quercitrine. Among the five tested analytes, the highest sensitivity was achieved for chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. All of the analytes achieved low limits of detection and quantification. Key words Liquid chromatography,...
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Determination of barbituric acid by SIA-technique with spectrophotometric detection
Horáková, Jana ; Hraníček, Jakub (advisor) ; Jelínek, Ivan (referee)
This thesis is focused on the determination of barbituric acid using two methods of flow analysis: flow injection analysis and sequential injection analysis, with spectrophotometric detection. Two reactions were selected for the determination of barbituric acid and different experimental conditions were optimized conditions for its determination. In the case of flow injection analysis, the concentration and flow rates of many reagents, the sample volume and the volume of the reaction coil were optimized. In the case of sequential injection analysis the same parameters except the optimum volume of the reaction coil were optimized. The optimal volume of the reaction coil was replaced by the optimum retention time in the mixing coil. Determination of barbituric acid by reaction with a nitroaniline mixture achieved a calibration range from 2,0.10-6 to 1,2.10-4 mol dm-3 and from 3,9.10-6 to 6,2.10-5 mol dm-3 using using FIA and SIA method, respectively, under the optimal conditions. Determination of barbituric acid by inhibition effect on the reaction between hydrochloric acid and bromate ions served a calibration range from 5.10-6 to 3.10-5 mol dm-3 using FIA method and 2.10-5 to 1.10-4 mol dm-3 using methods SIA under optimal conditions. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Electrophoresis in short capillary with dual detection.
Kaliba, David ; Opekar, František (advisor) ; Jelínek, Ivan (referee)
Capillary zone electrophoresis is an analytical method frequently used in many laboratories for solving various analytical problems. This diploma thesis describes one of many applications of capillary zone electrophoresis using a unique laboratory apparatus composed of a short capillary and dual conductivity/UV detector placed in one detection point of the separation capillary. In the first part of this thesis, the laboratory apparatus was tested by the separation of small inorganic and organic ions. Sodium, potassium, tyramine and histidine ions were used to test the two parts of the dual detector. Experimentally obtained mobilities of these ions were compared with those calculated from the tabulated values. In the second part, the apparatus was used for determination of analytes in samples with more complex matrixces, pharmaceuticals Acylcoffin and B-komplex produced by Zentiva, a.s. One analyte was chosen from each pharmaceutical preparation for determination of its concentration in the preparation, caffeine from Acylcoffine and thiamine from B-komplex. The concentrations were calulated using three different calibration methods and the experimentally obtained values were compared with those specified by the pharmaceuticals producer. Key words: capillary electrophoresis; short capillary;...
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Optimization of conditions for determination of trimethylsilylphosphates by GC-MS method
Blechová, Karolína ; Čabala, Radomír (advisor) ; Jelínek, Ivan (referee)
Fosfolipidy jsou důležitou součástí buněčných membrán, kde vytváří dvojvrstvy, které jsou charakteristické pro jednotlivé skupiny bakterií. Vlivem prostředí se mohou měnit růstové a produkční vlastnosti bakterie, které je možné sledovat změnou zastoupení fosfolipidů v membráně. K identifikaci a stanovení bakteriálních fosfolipidů se běžně využívá tenkovrstvá nebo kapalinová chromatografie. Pro stanovení polárních částí fosfolipidů byla použita plynová chromatografie. Metoda slouží jak k identifikaci, tak k určení celkového zastoupení polárních částí (fosfát, fosfoglycerol, fosfoethanolamin a fosfoserin) v molekule. Před vlastní analýzou je nutné polární části derivatizovat. Princip zvolené derivatizace spočívá v použití dvou různých silylačních činidel. K nalezení optimálních podmínek přípravy vzorků byl použit chemometrický postup označovaný jako experimentální design, který umožňuje určit faktory a jejich kombinace, které mají na zkoumanou odpověď největší vliv. Cílem bakalářské práce je vývoj a statistická optimalizace přípravy vzorku pro identifikaci standardů fosfátu a fosforylovaných sloučenin (fosfoglycerol, fosfoethanolamin a fosfoserin) z cytoplazmatické membrány bakterie Bacillus subtilis. Klíčová slova optimalizace, derivatizace, silylace, biologicky významné fosfáty, plynová chromatografie
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HPLC and LC-MS/MS methods for diagnosis of inherited metabolic diseases
Bártl, Josef ; Jelínek, Ivan (advisor) ; Čabala, Radomír (referee) ; Cvačka, Josef (referee)
This dissertation thesis is focused on development and optimization of high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods, and its utility for diagnosis of inherited metabolic diseases. The first thematic part describes a comprehensive laboratory approach to diagnostics of patients with hereditary xanthinuria by determination of specific markers and enzyme activity. For this purpose HPLC method with diode array detection for measurement of hypoxanthine, xanthine, allopurinol and oxypurinol in urine and plasma and HPLC method with fluorimetric detection for analysis of pterin and isoxanthopterin in plasma were employed. These methods were successfully applied in clinical practice to ascertain two patients with hereditary xanthinuria type I. The second thematic part aims at developing and clinical application of new LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of total homocysteine (tHcy), methionine (Met) and cystathionine (Cysta) in dried blood spots (DBS) and plasma. The results demonstrated the clinical utility of this method for detection of patients with homocystinuria and possibility to distinguish between defects in the remethylation and transsulfuration pathways of homocysteine metabolism. Due to ease of DBS collection and sample transportation...
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Identification and quantification of biomarkers of gastrointestinal diseases using mass spectrometry
Pospíšilová, Veronika ; Španěl, Patrik (advisor) ; Jelínek, Ivan (referee)
6 Abstract This thesis focuses on the identification and quantification of volatile metabolites in the exhaled breath that might be used as possible biomarkers of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Animal tissue samples were exposed to conditions simulating the gastric environment to identify specific volatile compounds that would be chosen for real-time quantification in exhaled breath of GERD patients and healthy controls using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Solid phase microextraction, was used in combination with gas chromatography mass spectrometry, for qualitative analyses of the headspace of these samples. Only acetic acid was significantly elevated and so it has been elected for the quantitative analysis in the breath of the patients. The median concentration of acetic acid measured by SIFT-MS in the exhaled breath of twenty-two GERD patients was found to be higher (85 ppbv) in comparison to the control group (31 ppbv). The results show that breath acetic acid could be valuable marker for GERD diagnosis and monitoring.
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Determination of selected components in human urine with electrophoresis in short capillary.
Makrlíková, Anna ; Opekar, František (advisor) ; Jelínek, Ivan (referee)
Capillary zone electrophoresis is frequently used in various analyses. In this diploma thesis a hydrodynamic sample introduction method controlled by pressure pulse has been proposed for short-capillary electrophoresis. The base electrolyte flushes sample from the loop of a six-way sampling valve and is carried to the injection end of the capillary. At the time when the sample zone reached the capillary, a short pressure impulse is generated in the electrolyte stream, which provides injection of the sample into the capillary. Then the electrolyte flow is stopped and the separation voltage is turned on. The amount of sample introduced to the capillary is controlled by the duration of the pressure pulse. This new sample introduction method was tested in the determination of ammonia, histidine, creatinine, uric acid and hippuric acid in human urine and for rapid screening of the contents of the inorganic ions in cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma. The determination was performed in a capillary with an overall length of 10,5 cm and two base electrolytes was tested - 50 mM MES + 5 mM NaOH (pH 5,10) and 1 M acetic acid + 1,5 mM crown ether 18-crown-6 (pH 2,40). Using dual detection techniques contactless conductivity and UV spectrometric detection, anorganic and organic substances in the sample could...
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Use of the modern separation techniques for the analysis of insect pheromones
Žáček, Petr ; Jelínek, Ivan (advisor) ; Pacáková, Věra (referee) ; Cvačka, Josef (referee)
(EN) Communication mediated by chemical compounds (semiochemicals) is the most important way of information transfer in insects, especially in the social species. Gas chromatographic methods (one-dimensional, two-dimensional comprehensive, and preparative arrangement) coupled with mass spectrometric and/or electroantennographic detector were used for volatile or semivolatile semiochemicals analysis in various insect species. In this Thesis, biosynthesis of the bumblebee male sex pheromone in species Bombus terrestris, B. lucorum, and B. lapidarius was studied using putative biosynthetic precursors (sodium acetate, fatty acids) labeled with 2 H and 14 C. For the purpose of labeled volatile metabolites analysis, a method of separation and detection of isotopically labeled compounds in two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography was studied (2 H, 13 C). An "inverse isotope effects" was confirmed for compounds labeled with both isotopes in all examined types of columns. Concerning the biological samples, analysis of in vitro incubated tissues with labeled sodium acetate showed that pheromone components are synthesized de novo in the labial gland in B. terrestris and B. lucorum. Nevertheless, experiments of in vivo incubation of deuterated fatty acids confirmed biotransformation of the precursors...
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Capillary electrophoresis with dual optical and contactless conductometric detection.
Kadlecová, Tereza ; Opekar, František (advisor) ; Jelínek, Ivan (referee)
This work deals with dual detection of organic and inorganic analytes after separation by capillary zone electrophoresis. In the first part, two types of hydrodynamic sampling are tested. Standard hydrodynamic sampling most often used in laboratory-made electrophoretic apparatus, based on lifting the vessel with the sample, in which the sampling end of the capillary is immersed, and a new method based on increasing the pressure in the sampling vessel without moving the capillary. This sampling procedure minimizes experimenter activity because it is controlled by software. Experimenter only changes vessel containing the sample solution for one with separation electrolyte. The experimental parameters, the sampling time and pressure, are optimized to achieve maximum separation efficiency and adequate detection sensitivity. In the second part of the work, the developed method is tested for the separation of amino-acids in a biological sample (urine).
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Electrophoretic separations of saccharides in short capillary.
Vochyánová, Blanka ; Opekar, František (advisor) ; Jelínek, Ivan (referee)
A new laboratory system has been developed for rapid electrophoretic separations and determinations of inorganic and organic ions. The instrument employs short fused silica capillary in combination with contactless conductivity detection. The basic functions of the apparatus have been tested using mixture of inorganic ions. It has further been applied to separations of neutral mono- and disaccharides. The model mixture contains five saccharides (sucrose, lactose, glucose, fructose and ribose). The technique developed has been used to determine sucrose, glucose and fructose in high-energy drinks.
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