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The processing of stabilized sewage sludge by high-temperature slow pyrolysis and gasification
Bičáková, Olga ; Čimová, Nikoleta ; Vöröš, Dominik ; Náhunková, Jana ; Řimnáčová, Daniela
One of the most challenging type of waste is sewage sludge, which is a heterogeneous suspension containing organic and inorganic substances and pathogenic organisms. This work focuses on an effective application method for the sewage sludge, which is usually deposited in landfills or co-incinerated in power plants. High temperature pyrolysis and gasification at 700–900 °C were applied to the samples of stabilized sewage sludge. The samples with a constant weight of 100 g were heated in a stationary bed, with the rate of batch heating being monitored. During the heating process, volatile products were released and the composition of the gaseous products developed during the heating was analyzed. Afterwards, the mass balance of the resulting products was evaluated. The elemental and textural analyses of the products were performed. Furthermore, it has been found that the solid residue has a porous texture and properties suitable for the removal and capture of pollutants. \n
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Application of the laser ablation ICP-MS in the analysis of gem opals
Čimová, Nikoleta ; Strnad, Ladislav (advisor) ; Zachariáš, Jiří (referee)
15 samples of gem opals were analyzed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). For this study were selected the most representative samples from Slovakia, Australia, Peru, Ethiopia, Mexico, USA and the Czech Republic. These samples were obtained from private collections. The study focuses on the geochemical relationships between various forms of opal originating from igneous and sedimentary environments based on the results from LA ICP-MS and ICP-MS. The major and trace element compositions are unique for each studied opal locality and important for understanding numerous aspects of opal formation. Major element analysis shows that opals are essentially pure SiO2 (77 - 92 wt. %). Al, Fe, Ca, K, Na and Mg are the main elemental impurities. The concentrations of the trace elements vary strongly depending on the opal locality. Differences were found, e.g., in the concentrations of REE and some refractory elements, which might be indicative for determining the provenance of opals. Many studies have been published explaining the origin of luminescence, microstructures and the thermal properties of opals. However, there are very few comprehensive studies comparing gem opals from the most important historical and...
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