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Sublethal effects of the insecticides neonicotinoids on migration abilities of spiders
Přibáňová, Gabriela ; Řezáč, Milan (advisor) ; Korenko, Stanislav (referee)
The purpose for using pesticides is to kill organisms that cause damage (so-called pests) on various crops and thus prevent possible crop losses. Their side effect is a negative impact on non-target organisms. The presented diploma thesis is focused on the effect of neonicotinoids on invertebrates particularly on spiders. Its main goal was to document their influence on behavioral parameters influencing dispersal abilities such as locomotion and tendency to spread by wind (so-called ballooning). The diploma thesis compares the influence of neonicotinoids on model species, Pardosa lugubris (Walckenaer, 1802) and Phylloneta impressa (L. Koch, 1881) with different modes of prey hunting and compares the influence on adult and nymphal stages. Pesticides Actara® 25 WG, Biscaya® 240 OD, Confidor® 200 OD and Mospilan® 20 SP were applied to the spiders under laboratory conditions and their effect was tested at different concentrations and different methods of application. The biggest impact on spiders had Confidor. It clearly had the most significant negative effect on mobility and a tendency to spider wind propagation. The lethal effects were caused by neonicotinoids in nymphal individuals Pardosa lugubris, especially Confidor (even 100% mortality for tarsal application). During an experiment studying the...
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Sublethal effects of the insecticides neonicotinoids on spider's migration and predatory abilities
Přibáňová, Gabriela ; Řezáč, Milan (advisor) ; Korenko, Stanislav (referee)
This research deals with impacts of pesticide substances on spider populations. In this case pesticides of the neonicotinoids classes were tested. Specific neonicotinoids were applied to different of spiders which were collected in various localities and at some stage of development - nymph, adult or subadult individuals. The diploma thesis analyzes and the documents the effects of neonicotinoids to spiders. The results show that some pesticides can have a significant negative effect to locomotion, predation, ballooning, drop or to spiders mortality. Keywords: spider, arthropod, pesticides, insecticides, neonicotinoids, sublethal effects, mortality, EthoVision XT, locomotion, drop, ballooning, predation, Philodromus, Oedothorax, Pardosa, Xerolycosa, Phylloneta
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Neonikotinoidy ve vodních ekosystémech a jejich vliv na necílové organismy
STROUHOVÁ, Alžběta
Neonicotinoids are one of the newesst class of pesticides, used in agriculture like insecticides. The first neonicotinoids has been used since the early 1990s, they become very popular and widely used worldwile for their low toxicity for vertebrates. Neonicotinoids were considered to be less toxic to aquatic organisms due to their low toxicity to standard test organisms Daphnia magna and Rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), but recent studies have shown the opposite of this assumption. Partial aim of this study was, among summary of existing knowledges of the neonicotinoids in aquatic ecosystem and their impact on non-target organisms, also evidence toxicity of neonicotinoid preparation CALYPSO 480 SC, which contains 48 % of thiacloprid. Three species of crayfish were used to provide the toxicity Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), Marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax) and Yabby (Cherax destructor). To asses the toxiciy of Calypso, the acute toxicity tests on crayfish and acute immobilisation test on daphnia were used. The exposure time of tests were 96 and 48 hours. Juvenile crayfish were the most sensitive, their 96hLC50 ranged between 0.52 and 1.6 mg/l, 96hLC50 for older crayfish were between 1.94 and 27.3 mg/l. The 48hEC50 value for daphnia was 32.7 mg/l. During the acute toxicity test on crayfish, out of the mortality, changes in behavior of orgaisms were observed, the most frequent changes were the reduction of aggressiveness, slowing of motion of limbs, gills and breathing. Crayfish turned on their back, individuals were apathetic and died.
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