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Is longer maternal care always beneficial? The impact of a four-year paid parental leave
Bičáková, Alena ; Kalíšková, Klára
We study the impact of an extension of paid family leave from 3 to 4 years on child long-term outcomes. Using a difference-in-differences design and comparing the first-affected with the last-unaffected cohorts of children, we find that an additional year of maternal care at the age of 3, which primarily crowded out enrollment into public kindergartens, had an adverse effect for children of loweducated mothers on human capital investments and labor-market attachment in early adulthood. The affected children were 12 p.p. more likely not to be in education, employment, or training (NEET) at the age of 21-22. The impact on daughters was larger and driven by a lower probability of attending college and higher probability of home production. Sons of low-educated mothers, on the other hand, were less likely to be employed. The results suggest that exposure to formal childcare may be more beneficial than all-day maternal care at the age of 3, especially for children with a lower socio-economic background.
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The Current State of Maternity Leave and the Labour Market in the United States: Goals and Reality
Hofmanová, Zuzana ; Anděl, Petr (advisor) ; Sehnálková, Jana (referee)
The bachelor's thesis "The Current State of Maternity Leave and the Labour Market in the United States: Goals and Reality" deals with a model of maternity leave in the United States. This model can be seen as very unique in many ways, especially due to its form and problematic historical development. The United States was one of the last industrialized countries codifying a certain form of maternity leave. The result was defined as an unpaid gender neutral maternity leave, a part of a broader policy concept called a family leave. The thesis explores the formation of the current state of maternity leave in the United States and its goals which compares to the actual reality of the present labour market situation. The thesis discovers that the initially declared objectives weren't met. The current state of maternity leave is very exclusive. It also reinforces inequality based on race, gender and family income in relation to the labour market.
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Career breaks after childbirth: the impact of family leave reforms in the Czech Republic
Bičáková, Alena ; Kalíšková, Klára
The Czech Republic is a country with a strong attachment of women to the labor market, but with one of the longest paid family leaves, which is often followed by a spell of unemployment. Using a difference-in-differences methodology, we study the impact of two reforms of the duration of the parental allowance on the labor market status of mothers 2-7 years after childbirth. While the 1995 reform prolonged the allowance from 3 to 4 years, the 2008 reform allowed some parents to shorten the duration of the allowance to only 2 or 3 years with an equivalent total monetary amount. We find that in response to the 1995 reform, 36% of mothers extended their family leave beyond the 3-year job protection period. The 2008 reform partially reversed this effect. Both reforms also had a considerable impact on post-leave unemployment and inactivity of mothers.
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