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The influence of biochar on physico-chemical properties of soil
Polášková, Nikola ; Sedláček, Petr (referee) ; Smilek, Jiří (advisor)
This thesis is focused on assessment of the influence of biochar on the soil physico-chemical properties (particle density, dry density, porosity, water retention capacity and maximum water holding capacity, oxidizable carbon content, total nitrogen content, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium content). The selected and examined soil types were: cambisol, fluvisol, chernozem and regosol. There were two types of biochar used for analysis – NovoTerra and Sonnenerde. Soil samples were dried to constant weight and adjusted to grain-size fraction under 2 mm, respectively 0,25 mm. The oxidizable carbon content was measured by oxidation using a mixture of potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid (Walkley-Black method), the total nitrogen content was measured by kjeldahlization and P, K and Mg content was measured using Mehlich 3 extraction and ICP-OES spectrometer. The results show that biochar has a significant influence on soil characteristics depending on the type of biochar and soil we use for biochar application. This thesis can be used to clarify the complex issues in terms of soil in Czech Republic or it can be used by farmers considering using biochar as a soil additive with the intention to increase productivity and fertility of soil.
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Transport and sorption properties of modified humic acids studied in hydrogels matrixes
Polášková, Nikola ; Pekař, Miloslav (referee) ; Smilek, Jiří (advisor)
This diploma thesis is focused on transport and sorption properties of humic acids studied in hydrogel matrixes, which are similar to their natural environment (soil). These properties are studied by diffusion techniques. The humic acid standard isolated from Leonardite (from International Humic Substances Society, identification number 1S104H-5) was chosen as a representative of humic acids. Their transport and sorption properties were studied in agarose-based biopolymer hydrogel matrixes (agarose is a nonreactive, thermoreversible polysaccharide) with use of model pollutant Rhodamine 6G (positively charged organic dye), that simulates common pollutants. Humic acids were modified to block their specific functional groups in their structure. Then we are able to study the influence of each functional groups on the interactions with other compounds individually, that was the main goal and motivation of this work. Carboxyl functional groups were modified by methylation with a methylating agent trimethysilyldiazomethane (TMS-DM). For blocking carboxyl and phenolic functional groups together we repeated methylation of carboxyl groups with TMS-DM and then we acetylated phenolic functional groups with acetic anhydride. The successful modification was confirmed by thermogravimetry (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and acid-base titrations (direct, indirect and carboxyl titration). The techniques of diffusion cell and non-stationary diffusion in cuvettes were chosen to study how organic dye interacts with unmodified and modified humic acids in inert hydrogel matrix. Humic acids were characterised by their structure-based reactivity, respectively by the acidic functional groups content. This thesis verifies the use of the diffusion techniques as a low-cost and universal techniques suitable for studying properties of humic acids mentioned above. Due to the finding that acidic functional groups have a minor influence on these properties, the possibilities of taking other factors into account (such as hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces or specific surface area) are opened up.
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The influence of biochar on physico-chemical properties of soil
Polášková, Nikola ; Sedláček, Petr (referee) ; Smilek, Jiří (advisor)
This thesis is focused on assessment of the influence of biochar on the soil physico-chemical properties (particle density, dry density, porosity, water retention capacity and maximum water holding capacity, oxidizable carbon content, total nitrogen content, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium content). The selected and examined soil types were: cambisol, fluvisol, chernozem and regosol. There were two types of biochar used for analysis – NovoTerra and Sonnenerde. Soil samples were dried to constant weight and adjusted to grain-size fraction under 2 mm, respectively 0,25 mm. The oxidizable carbon content was measured by oxidation using a mixture of potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid (Walkley-Black method), the total nitrogen content was measured by kjeldahlization and P, K and Mg content was measured using Mehlich 3 extraction and ICP-OES spectrometer. The results show that biochar has a significant influence on soil characteristics depending on the type of biochar and soil we use for biochar application. This thesis can be used to clarify the complex issues in terms of soil in Czech Republic or it can be used by farmers considering using biochar as a soil additive with the intention to increase productivity and fertility of soil.
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Analýza plnění požadavků platných environmentálních předpisů ve vybraném zařízení
Polášková, Nikola
The diploma thesis deals with specific requirements and compliance with environmental legislation in the given facility. The work described the overall environmental situation in the production company. The introduction describes the legal aspects that apply to PNC s.r.o. The second part describes the technical and technological areas. It also analyzes the inputs and outputs of individual plants and support departments that identify environmental aspects that may have an impact on the environment. These measures are then taken to minimize these impacts. The planning procedures and the application of the individual plans to production are described. It also includes an analysis of the actual costs of the measures taken and the period of their return. The next part is focused on the issue of electricity consumption of the entire production plant. The costs associated with this area over the past eight years have been compared. Finally, the possibility of further reducing the impact on the environment in the future is mentioned.
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Způsoby nakládání s hrubou frakcí získanou při přesívání kompostu
Polášková, Nikola
The main objective of this bachelor thesis is to further processing oversize components in the process of sieving the compost facility. I collected information from executives of composting facilities in the South Moravian Region, who informed me how much waste they take at the beginning and how they work with oversize components. Keywords: composting, oversize components in composting process, the composting technology, the composting technique
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