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Evolution of the genus Malus with a particular reference to old and local cultivars
Polcar, Václav ; Urfus, Tomáš (advisor) ; Macková, Lenka (referee)
The following work deals with the genus Malus in terms of the significant diversity that this genus represents. It summarizes a basic knowledge about the taxonomic position and world centers of the genus evolution. Part of the thesis also discussed reproductive mechanisms as a source of the genus diversity. The thesis then focuses on the species Malus domestica, its evolution and the hybrid origin. In this context, old varieties of apple trees, their significance and pomologically important regions of the Czech Republic are presented. An integral part of this work is also devoted to the protection of old varieties, its limits and possibilities. The protection of old varieties also encompasses the extensive orchard as an important agroecosystem. Finally, different Czech regions are compared with respect to the quantity of reported old varieties.
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Training of cognitive function after brain injury with use of Test System Schuhfried
Macková, Lenka ; Oktábcová, Alice (advisor) ; Piťhová, Zuzana (referee)
1 Abstract: Brain injury is a heavy burden on our society and one of the consequences of brain injury is cognitive impairment. Cognitive functions are essential to self-sufficiency and participation in the life of man. The aim of this work is to describe the use of a computer program CogniPlus from Vienna Test System Schuhfried for the training of cognitive functions for patients after brain injury. The theoretical part provides information on the issues of brain injury and its consequences and describes cognitive functions and their disorders. Furthermore, this section describes the options for neurorehabilitation and neuropsychology and there's also described the role of occupational in training of cognitive functions. Conclusion The theoretical part focuses on the use of computer programs and their advantages and disadvantages, and lastly, there is a detailed description of the computer program CogniPlus. The practical part is focused on the possibility to use a computer program for training (CogniPlus) of cognitive function of patients after brain injury. The practical part contains two case studies. Each patient was conducted 10 training sessions on CogniPlus during two months - once and twice a week. Before and after of the therapy series, cognitive tests were performed on patients for evaluation of...
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Conservation aspects of endemism in Central Europe with special respect to genus Sorbus
Tesařová, Anna ; Urfus, Tomáš (advisor) ; Macková, Lenka (referee)
Endemit is an organism living exclusively within a particular area on Earth. There are several mutually interconnected mechanisms leading to endemism i.e. allopathic speciation, polyploidization, hybridization and apomixis. This thesis deals with describing particular modes of endemic speciation and their occurrence. The most significant concept is certainly discrimination of paleoendemites and neoendemites. Paleoendemites are very rare and within Central Europe occur scarcerly only in Western Carpathians. Neoendemites are hardly comparable among Central European states. The concentration of endemics is closely related to the global centers of diversity that are distributed in highly unbalanced way. The genus Sorbus is essential group with regard to endemism in Central Europe. That is why the experimental part of my thesis was focused on flowcytometric analyses (absolute genome size and DNA ploidy level) of 13 endemic Sorbus species. Triploidy was proved to be prevailing ploidy level. Among triploid samples 6% of variation was recorded. The absolute genome size of the remaining endemic taxa indicated tetraploid level.
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Influence of temperature on the shifts in sexuality of gynodioecious species Stellaria graminea (Caryophyllaceae)
Krtilová, Eliška ; Slovák, Marek (advisor) ; Macková, Lenka (referee)
Sexual polymorphisms represent an essential phenomenon in the evolution and reproduction of flowering plants. One of the types of sexual polymorphisms is gynodioecy, a phenomenon in which a plant species forms morphologically and functionally hermaphrodite, but also female individuals. However, the stability of sexuality expression of both types can be influenced by environmental factors, what might, finally, lead to shifts in sexuality (from hermaphrodites to females and vice versa). These changes are often very dynamic and can have a significant positive but also negative effect on genetic variability and overall fitness of the species. The main content of the work will be the elaboration of a research on the given topic which will contain chapters focused on sexual polymorphisms in flowering plants, gynodioecy, the influence of environmental factors on the lability of sexual expression and its effects on genetic variability and overall survival of species. An important part will also be the inference of the potential impact of climate change on fitness and survival of sexually polymorphic plant species. The theoretical part of the work will also focus on the model species selected for subsequent master's thesis, specifically Stellaria graminea. It is a perennial polyploid species inhabiting the...
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Efficient conservation of species endangered by introgressive hybridization with a special respect to genus Pulsatilla
Tröglerová, Aneta ; Urfus, Tomáš (advisor) ; Macková, Lenka (referee)
Interspecific hybridization is a common phenomenon within plants. It is considered a mechanism through which new adaptations and potentially new species arise. Interspecific crossing frequently occurs between closely related taxa. This bachelor thesis summarizes the knowledge of the effects and consequences of hybridization. In particular, negative influences such as demographic and genetic swamping are discussed. These are presented in the context of hybridization of rare species with more common and competitively stronger related taxa. Assessing the degree of interspecific crossing is important to determine an efficient conservation of endangered species. Furthermore, the work deals with selected species of the genus Pulsatilla (Pasque flower), specifically Pulsatilla patens, P. pratensis subsp. bohemica and P. vernalis, which are potentially endangered by hybridization. Populations of Pasque flower have been rapidly decreasing in recent decades not only in the Czech Republic but also throughout Europe. In addition, they are willing to hybridize with each other, which is a problem for their conservatoin. Keywords Interspecific hybridization, demographic swamping, genetic swamping, flow cytometry, Pulsatilla
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Microevolutionary processes in selected genera of the Rosaceae family
Macková, Lenka
Polyploidization, hybridization and various reproductive strategies significantly contribute to plant evolution and diversity. Their direct influence on plant evolution is especially apparent in the Rosaceae family and is also mirrored in its still partly unclear and reticulate phylogeny. Two model genera were chosen to add a piece of knowledge to the puzzle of polyploidization, hybridization and apomixis in the Rosaceae. The results demonstrate both the creative and destructive force of hybridization and polyploidization, particularly in the genus Prunus. A significant proportion of wild Prunus fruticosa populations under examination underwent hybridization and genetic erosion. Crop-to-wild hybridization with both cultivated sour and sweet cherries has resulted in two morphologically indistinguishable hybrids markedly differing in ploidy level and reproductive potential. On the one hand, a triploid block was manifested in sterile triploid hybrids, but, on the other, partial fertility of tetraploid hybrids allowed repeated backcrossing (i.e. introgression). The crop-to-wild phenomenon has significant consequences for both conservation and agriculture. Polyploidization and hybridization are frequently accompanied by apomixis among the Rosaceae. Apomixis may play a substantial role in the...
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Microevolutionary processes in selected genera of the Rosaceae family
Macková, Lenka
Polyploidization, hybridization and various reproductive strategies significantly contribute to plant evolution and diversity. Their direct influence on plant evolution is especially apparent in the Rosaceae family and is also mirrored in its still partly unclear and reticulate phylogeny. Two model genera were chosen to add a piece of knowledge to the puzzle of polyploidization, hybridization and apomixis in the Rosaceae. The results demonstrate both the creative and destructive force of hybridization and polyploidization, particularly in the genus Prunus. A significant proportion of wild Prunus fruticosa populations under examination underwent hybridization and genetic erosion. Crop-to-wild hybridization with both cultivated sour and sweet cherries has resulted in two morphologically indistinguishable hybrids markedly differing in ploidy level and reproductive potential. On the one hand, a triploid block was manifested in sterile triploid hybrids, but, on the other, partial fertility of tetraploid hybrids allowed repeated backcrossing (i.e. introgression). The crop-to-wild phenomenon has significant consequences for both conservation and agriculture. Polyploidization and hybridization are frequently accompanied by apomixis among the Rosaceae. Apomixis may play a substantial role in the...
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Microevolutionary processes in selected genera of the Rosaceae family
Macková, Lenka ; Urfus, Tomáš (advisor) ; Paule, Juraj (referee) ; Vašut, Radim Jan (referee)
Polyploidization, hybridization and various reproductive strategies significantly contribute to plant evolution and diversity. Their direct influence on plant evolution is especially apparent in the Rosaceae family and is also mirrored in its still partly unclear and reticulate phylogeny. Two model genera were chosen to add a piece of knowledge to the puzzle of polyploidization, hybridization and apomixis in the Rosaceae. The results demonstrate both the creative and destructive force of hybridization and polyploidization, particularly in the genus Prunus. A significant proportion of wild Prunus fruticosa populations under examination underwent hybridization and genetic erosion. Crop-to-wild hybridization with both cultivated sour and sweet cherries has resulted in two morphologically indistinguishable hybrids markedly differing in ploidy level and reproductive potential. On the one hand, a triploid block was manifested in sterile triploid hybrids, but, on the other, partial fertility of tetraploid hybrids allowed repeated backcrossing (i.e. introgression). The crop-to-wild phenomenon has significant consequences for both conservation and agriculture. Polyploidization and hybridization are frequently accompanied by apomixis among the Rosaceae. Apomixis may play a substantial role in the...
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Conservation aspects of endemism in Central Europe with special respect to genus Sorbus
Tesařová, Anna ; Urfus, Tomáš (advisor) ; Macková, Lenka (referee)
Endemit is an organism living exclusively within a particular area on Earth. There are several mutually interconnected mechanisms leading to endemism i.e. allopathic speciation, polyploidization, hybridization and apomixis. This thesis deals with describing particular modes of endemic speciation and their occurrence. The most significant concept is certainly discrimination of paleoendemites and neoendemites. Paleoendemites are very rare and within Central Europe occur scarcerly only in Western Carpathians. Neoendemites are hardly comparable among Central European states. The concentration of endemics is closely related to the global centers of diversity that are distributed in highly unbalanced way. The genus Sorbus is essential group with regard to endemism in Central Europe. That is why the experimental part of my thesis was focused on flowcytometric analyses (absolute genome size and DNA ploidy level) of 13 endemic Sorbus species. Triploidy was proved to be prevailing ploidy level. Among triploid samples 6% of variation was recorded. The absolute genome size of the remaining endemic taxa indicated tetraploid level.
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Evaluation of Quality of Life in Patients with Aquired Brain Injury from the Perspective of Occupational Therapy
Macková, Lenka ; Marková, Olga (advisor) ; Angerová, Yvona (referee)
OF DIPLOMA THESIS Author: Bc. Lenka Macková Supervisor: Mgr. Olga Marková Title: Evaluation of quality of life in patients with brain acquaired brain injury from the perspective of occupational therapy Abstract: Acquired brain injury is one of the most common causes of a reducing quality of life. The concept of quality of life is defined differently in different areas and there is no uniform definition. The theoretical part introduces the operationalization and conceptualization of concept of the quality of life and the use of evaluation of quality of life in occupational therapy in the Czech Republic and abroad. The aim of diploma thesis is to describe how acquired brain injury affects the quality of life, how to evaluate the quality of life in occupational therapy, and what quality of life areas are influenced after acquired brain injury and to evaluate subjectively the impact of occupational interventions on quality of life in these patients. The practical part contains 6 case studies of patients after acquired brain injury. Patients were assessed for quality of life through a WHODAS 2 subjective quality of life questionnaire and semi-structured interviews.This assessment was carried out before and after occupational intervention in patients after 2 months. The interviews and the results of the...
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