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Non-coding RNA in hepresvirus infection
Pelák, Ondřej ; Holá, Dana (referee) ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor)
MiRNAs are endogenous short RNAs that are well conserved in eukaryotic organisms and are thought to be a vital and evolutionarily ancient component of genetic regulation. Their key role is in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Some viruses were able to utilize the capabilities of these tiny RNAs to regulate their own gen expression or to regulate host gene expression in use of avoidance from immunity answers to their presence. Among these viruses belongs also the Herpesviridae family. Members of this family are using miRNA in various ways, from regulation of their own gene expression to targeting host mRNA, which prevents translation of factors related to immune answers. This work is intent on biogenesis of miRNA, its mechanism, function and manner in which it is used by representatives from Herpesviridae family.
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Genetic diversity in genes important for survival of the domestic horse
Vokatá, Barbora ; Hořín, Petr (advisor) ; Holá, Dana (referee)
Genetic diversity is important for a species and/or population survival. Diseases represent a permanent threat for domestic, captive and wild animal populations. Therefore, genetic diversity in genes involved in resistance/susceptibility to infectious and other diseases is of great interest. In this study, microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immunity-related genes were used as markers to describe genetic diversity of three different breeds of the domestic horse (Equus caballus): Camargue, Murgese and Icelandic horses. 30 microsatellite and 21 SNP markers developed in this laboratory were genotyped in all three populations by using direct sequencing and PCR-RFLP techniques, respectively. Intra-population characteristics as well as genetic distances among the populations were obtained using the Arlequin3.1software. Microsatellite analysis revealed similar genetic diversity in all three populations studied. Average observed heterozygosities (Ho) ranged from 0,683 of Icelandic horse to 0,715 of Murgese and the mean number of alleles (NA) varied form 6,37 of Murgese to 7,63 of Camargue. In Icelandic horse population 13 breed-specific alleles with a frequency _ 0,2 were found, suggesting a larger genetic heterogeneity of this breed. Similarly, genetic distances represented by the FTS...
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A comparison of the social system of the EU and the USA
Holá, Daniela ; Zemanová, Jana (advisor) ; Vysokajová, Margerita (referee)
English summary The purpose of my thesis is to analyze the basic principles of a welfare state and compare two big social regions - EU and USA, which are based on diametrically divergent set of values and years of historical evolution. The field to be examined is extremely complex and impossible to embrace within the range of a paper which is supposed to consist of 50 pages. Therefore, the main focus lies in exploration of the significant distinctive features which make EU and USA in regards of social policy so incompatible. The reason for the choice of this topic is mainly personal and influenced by three factors. First was my one year study stay within the LLP Erasmus exchange programme in Sweden, which is considered to be one of the "godfathers" of the welfare state. Second reason was a visit to the USA, where my sister's family lives and needs to cope with certain aspects of social difficulty, which seems to be from the standpoint of wealthy European citizen at least challenging. Third drive which moved me to this topic, was the book of Charles Murray Losing Ground which I came across some years ago. It describes the social policy in USA in the period 1950 - 1980 and analyses certain failures of American "too good" social policy in terms of production of poverty instead of curing it. The introduction of...
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Analysis of primary photosynthetic processes in conifers: A comparison of selected methods and their possible utilisation for the study of genetic variability
Palovská, Markéta ; Holá, Dana (advisor) ; Albrechtová, Jana (referee)
Conifers are important both ecologically and socioeconomically, however, same parts of their biology are not that well researched. This includes genetics and breeding and partly even physiology. Because quantitative genetic analyzes applied in breeding necessitate an analysis of a large number of samples, and conventional methods of analysis are quite time-consuming, certain parameters describing e.g. the activity of photosynthetic electron-transport chain (ETC) are considered for such use. Several methods of the measurement of the activity of photosynthetic ETC exist, but there are some problems with their usage in conifers. I studied this issue from different points of view in three parts of this thesis. 1) I compared the photosynthetic ETC activity in 8 species of conifers using chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence measurements on intact needles and polarographic measurements in isolated chloroplasts. Each method brought different information. 2) I measured Chl fluorescence parameters, reflectance spectra and pigment content in 536 genetically defined trees of Pinus sylvestris L. Many parameters showed relatively high genetic variability and heritability. I have also determined the suitability of various reflectance indices to estimate pigment and water content of needles. 3) I have optimized the...
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Comparison of sensitivity of Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium difficile against selected chemical ingredients.
Šlitrová, Barbora ; Ing.Veronika Holá, Ph.D. (referee) ; Omelková, Jiřina (advisor)
Sporicidal activity of disinfectants is tested on Bacillus subtilis spores according to ČSN EN 13704 standard. Until December 2007, 10 countries encountered outbreaks and 7 additional countries had endemic cases of Clostridium difficile-associated disease due to hypervirulent strain C. difficile PCR ribotype 027. This outbreak of CDAD with increased severity and mortality is spread as typical nosocomial infection. Clostridium difficile spores can persist on dry surfaces for 5 months. Therefore it is important to compare the effectiveness of disinfectants on both strains and find out whether Bacillus subtilis is the only proper microorganism for testing the sporicidal activity.
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Changes in the photosynthetic apparatus of european beech and Norway spruce under long-term exposure to elevated CO2
Holišová, Petra ; Šprtová, Miroslava ; Kubásek, Jiří ; Lhotáková, Z. ; Mašková, P. ; Lipavská, H. ; Kočová, M. ; Holá, D. ; Radochová, Barbora ; Albrechtová, J. ; Urban, Otmar
The changes of photosynthetic performance caused by increasing CO2 concentration are refl ected at diff erent hierarchical levels of photosynthetic apparatus from the effi ciency of individual photosynthetic processes to changes in leaf structure. Th e aim of this study was to elucidate the relationships between the ultrastructure and function of photosynthetic apparatus under elevated CO2 concentration. We studied two common tree species – the European beech and the Norway spruce – grown under ambient (AC) and elevated CO2 concentrations (EC). Photosynthetic parameters were obtained using the gas-exchange system LI-6400 (LI-COR, USA). Th e characteristics of chlorophyll a fl uorescence were obtained in vivo with FluorPen FP100max (PSI, CZE) and in vitro polarographically in a suspension of isolated chloroplasts. Non-structural soluble saccharides and starch accumulation was quantifi ed using HPLC. Th e chloroplast ultrastructure was quantifi ed by stereological methods (Ellipse 2.08, SK) on the images acquired on a JEOL JEM-1011 (JEOL, JPN). Th e light-saturated CO2 assimilation rate was stimulated by EC in both species. Th e assimilation capacity of EC plants slightly decreased and was accompanied by a slight decrease in the rate of electron transport and the rate of Rubisco carboxylation. Th e growth in EC induced higher energy dissipation by light-harvesting antennae, diminished PSII activity, resulted in greater PSI capacity and in higher accumulation of starch and soluble sugars in the leaves of both species.
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