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Discourse relations in Czech and their representation in an annotated corpus of texts
Mladová, Lucie ; Hajičová, Eva (advisor) ; Zikánová, Šárka (referee)
The present thesis is a contribution to the widely discussed issue of how the syntactic structure of a sentence and the structure of discourse (text) are related. The syntactic sentence structure along with other language phenomena participates in building a coherent, comprehensible discourse. The author calls the syntactically motivated relations in discourse connective relations. These relations include coordinating relations and some of the subordinating relations within a sentence and, secondly, adjoining of discourse units across the sentence boundary. The explicit means of expressing connective relations are called discourse connectives. It is a group of language expressions that connect or adjoin discourse units while indicating the type of semantic relation between them, i. e. conjunctions, some subjunctions, particles and adverbials, and marginally also some other parts-of-speech. The present thesis describes the semantic category of discourse connectives in Czech on the basis of language data and their syntactic annotation in the Prague Dependency Treebank, and thus aims to contribute to the design of a language corpus annotation scenario capturing the discourse relations in Czech.
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Contrastive topics in Czech
Veselá, Kateřina ; Hajičová, Eva (advisor) ; Uličný, Oldřich (referee)
This thesis - Contrastive Topics in Czech - describes some of syntactic and semantic characteristics of the experessions, called Contrastive Topics. Following theory of Functional Generative Description (p. Sgall, E. Hajičová and J. Panevová), author is trying to Bnd a ways to explain and verify several hypotheses of FGD by searching data of Prague Dependency Treebank. Prague Dependency Treebank is collection of czech sentence s, annotated on three levels of depth, namely the morphemic layer, the surface shape of sentences and tectogrammatical layer. The deep syntactic structure annotations in the Prague Dependency Treebank, the so-called tectogrammatical tree structures, capture three basic aspects of the underlying structure of sentences: the dependency tree structure, the kinds of dependency syntactic relations, and the basic characteristics of the topicfocus articulation. The basic characteristics of TF A are captured in two ways: the assignment of one of the three values of the TF A attribute attached to each node of the tree and the ordering of nodes in the tree according to the degrees of communicative dynamism (deep word order). Contrastive topics are special cases of contextually bound nodes, which appear in such sentences as Jemu jsem to neřekl - it is possible to express them by strong form of...
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Kontinuální plánování pro zajištění vzájemného porozumění v situovaném dialogu
Janíček, Miroslav ; Kruijffová, Ivana (advisor) ; Hajičová, Eva (referee)
The work investigates the problem of grounding-adding to common ground - in situated human-robot dialogues. Common ground, a special kind of mutual understanding among dialogue parties, is essential for any joint activity and as such is central to any interaction. In our approach, we treat dialogue just as a part of a wider collaborative activity, extending Thomason et al.'s approach to dialogue modelling based on abductive reasoning. Our system performs abduction over agents' (i.e. dialogue participants) beliefs, similarly as in the related field of multi-agent planning. We define beliefs as relational structures that are assigned a modal-logical semantics and show how common ground is achieved and maintained using these structures. Finally, we present an implementation of the system in a cognitive architecture of a robot in a scenario where the robot learns a correct model of a visual scene in a collaboration with a human tutor.
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Valency of Verbs in the Prague Dependency Treebank
Urešová, Zdeňka ; Hajičová, Eva (advisor) ; Lopatková, Markéta (referee) ; Ondrejovič, Slavo (referee)
Title: Valency of verbs in the Prague Dependency Treebank Author: PhDr. Zdeňka Urešová Department: Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics MFF UK Supervisor: Prof. PhDr. Eva Hajičová, DrSc. Abstract: This dissertation describes PDT-Vallex, a valency lexicon of Czech verbs, and its relation to the annotation of the Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT). The PDT-Vallex lexicon was created during the an- notation of the PDT and it is a valuable source of verbal valency information available both for linguistic research and for computer- ized natural language processing. In this thesis, we describe not only the structure and design of the lexicon (which is closely related to the notion of valency as developed in the Functional Generative De- scription of language) but also the relation between the PDT-Vallex and the PDT. The explicit and full-coverage linking of the lexicon to the treebank prompted us to pay special attention to diatheses; we propose formal transformation rules for diatheses to handle their surface realization even when the canonical forms of verb arguments as captured in the lexicon do not correspond to the forms of these arguments actually appearing in the corpus.
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Non-projectivity in English and Czech
Čermáková, Kristýna ; Hajičová, Eva (advisor) ; Malá, Markéta (referee)
This thesis analyzes non-projective constructions in English and Czech. It is based on the functional generative description of language and the analysis of material drawn from the Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank, the Prague Dependency Treebank, and the British National Corpus. The theoretical part provides a brief characterization of phrase structure grammar and dependency grammar together with the definition of the fundamentals of the functional generative description, and the definition of non-projectivity. The analytical section presents a detailed comparative classification of non-projective structures in both languages. Individual types are studied from the perspective of differences between the surface structure and the underlying structure, demonstrating how the substitution of a non-projective clause for a projective one influences the topic-focus articulation and the meaning of the clause. The main objective is to define factors motivating non-projectivity in English and Czech, to compare them, and to determine whether it is marked or neutral type of discontinuity that prevails in each of the two languages.
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Discourse Connectives in Czech.(From Centre to Periphery)
Rysová, Magdaléna ; Hajičová, Eva (advisor) ; Malá, Markéta (referee) ; Tárnyiková, Jarmila (referee)
Magdaléna Rysová Discourse Connectives in Czech (From Centre to Periphery) Abstract The thesis focuses on description and analysis of discourse connectives in Czech in broader sense, i.e. by which language means it is possible to express sense relation within a text. The thesis is not limited to any parts of speech (like conjunctions or structuring particles) but it tries to find and describe all language means in Czech with the ability to connect two pieces or units of a text into one coherent complex. The thesis investigates discourse connectives in Czech with respect to the so called secondary connectives (i.e. mainly multiword phrases like to je důvod, proč - that is the reason why; kvůli těmto skutečnostem - due to these facts etc., in opposition to primary connectives like však - however, nebo - or, a - and, ale - but, proto - therefore etc.). Discourse connectives are (in general terms) understood as language expressions that signal semantico-pragmatic relations within a text. However, there are many theories that significantly differ in the concrete description of these expressions. Therefore, there is not a generally accepted and universal definition of discourse connectives and their description and characteristics is still a matter of linguistic discussion. The aim of this thesis is to contribute...
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On the Linguistic Structure of Emotional Meaning in Czech
Veselovská, Kateřina ; Hajičová, Eva (advisor) ; Petkevič, Vladimír (referee) ; Smrž, Pavel (referee)
Title: On the Linguistic Structure of Emotional Meaning in Czech Author: Mgr. Kateřina Veselovská Department: Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics Supervisor: Prof. PhDr. Eva Hajičová, DrSc., Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics Keywords: emotional meaning, linguistic structure, sentiment analysis, opinion mining, evaluative language Abstract: This thesis has two main goals. First, we provide an analysis of language means which together form an emotional meaning of written utterances in Czech. Sec- ond, we employ the findings concerning emotional language in computational applications. We provide a systematic overview of lexical, morphosyntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects of emotional meaning in Czech utterances. Also, we propose two formal representations of emotional structures within the framework of the Prague Dependency Treebank and Construction Grammar. Regarding the computational applications, we focus on sentiment analysis, i.e. automatic extraction of emotions from text. We describe a creation of manually annotated emotional data resources in Czech and perform two main sentiment analysis tasks, polarity classification and opinion target identification on Czech data. In both of these tasks, we reach the state-of-the-art results.
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On the Presupposition Projection in Czech
Veselý, Vojtěch ; Macurová, Alena (advisor) ; Hajičová, Eva (referee) ; Bílková, Jana (referee)
On the Presupposition Projection in Czech I understand presupposition as both an implication and a set of requirements which have to be fulfilled by the (passive) context, i.e. a set of realized propositions and logico- semantic relations between them shared by the communicants. The content of presupposition is formed by information which the speaker characterizes as predetermined, i.e. known to the communicants. Presupposition is a semantically narrower notion than implication: every meaning expressed indirectly is implied, but not every implied meaning is presupposed. Contextually bound constituents express a proposition which is included in the active context, i.e. a set of propositions on which the communicants are actively focused. Contextual boundness is a type of presupposition trigger: information included in the active context is a necessary part of the passive context (it doesn't hold true vice versa, of course). Context shared by the communicants can not be incremented by the primary (i.e. directly expressed) proposition of a clause, unless all the presuppositions semantically entailed in the primary proposition are satisfied. Presupposition is satisfied if and only if proposition p which forms a content of the presupposition is part of the (passive) context. In case that the context...
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