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The role of hippoboscids in avian trypanosomes transmission
Santolíková, Anežka ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Dvořák, Vít (referee)
The aim of this thesis was to map the presence of avian hippoboscids in Czechia, clarify which lineages of avian trypanosomes are transmitted by them, and to test vector specificity of the trypanosomes that were isolated from louse flies earlier. In the years 2017 - 2018 we found 7 species of louse flies, namely Ornithomya avicularia (91), O. biloba (267), O. fringillina (45), Ornithoica turdi (6), Stenepteryx hirundinis (1) and Ornithophila metallica (1). The specificity of O. biloba and S. hirundinis toward Hirudinidae was confirmed. The other louse fly species were found on both migrant and resident birds. The phylogenetic analysis of gene for cytochrome c oxidase I which contained a newly characterised species O. metallica revealed that it is related to O. turdi. Avian trypanosomes were present in the following species: O. biloba (prevalence 20 %), O. avicularia (8 %), a O. fringillina (4 %). All trypanosome sequences from hippoboscids belonged to the avian trypanosome group corvi-culicavium. Phylogenetic analysis of trypanosome sequences confirmed the presence of five lineages of avian trypanosomes. Four trypanosome sequences from birds formed two new basal clades. Most of the trypanosome sequences from hippoboscids formed a sister group to the previously described lineages. The vector specificity of...
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Molecular identification of phlebotomine sand flies
Hlavačková, Kristýna ; Dvořák, Vít (advisor) ; Straka, Jakub (referee)
This diploma thesis is focused on species identification of sand flies belonging to two genera of the subfamily Phlebotominae, genus Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia. Genus Phlebotomus together with the genus Lutzomyia of New World include the only proven vectors of Leishmania parasites and they are also carriers of viral and bacterial infections. Species of the genus Sergentomyia are proven vectors of sister genus Sauroleishmania that infects reptiles, but for several decades there have been speculations about their possible involvement in the transmission of mammalian Leishmania species. These suspicions arise mainly from repeated findings of mammalian Leishmania parasites in their digestive system. Correct species determination of medically significant hematophagous arthropods is very important especially for purposes of epidemiological studies so that efficient vector control may be correctly set. Routine identification of sand flies is based on morphological characters located mainly on their heads and genitalia. However, these characters may be variable within a species, they require certain expertise and in the field samples they may be damaged, making proper species identification impossible. This thesis therefore presents two alternatives of sand fly identification based on molecular...
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Comparison of molecular methods for identification of sand flies
Gottfried, Vítězslav ; Dvořák, Vít (advisor) ; Votýpka, Jan (referee)
Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of important human and veterinary infectious diseases which are distributed mainly in subtropical and tropical areas around the world. The most important transmited infection is leishmaniosis. Over 900 species and subspecies of Phlebotominae subfamily have been described and classified into 32 genera. Their taxonomy has not been fully resolved yet. Morphological identification of each species is time-consuming, some species are even morphologically undefinable. For these reasons the molecular methods of identification are used. The methods described in this bachelor thesis study molecular structures and etologic displays. All these methods had been used for species identification of sand flies and are followed by examples of usage, adventages and disadvantages.
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Invasion of host cells by microsporidia, representatives of Cryptomycota and Aphelida.
Johánková, Alžběta ; Doležal, Pavel (advisor) ; Dvořák, Vít (referee)
Aphelida, Cryptomycota and Microsporidia representatives are obligatory intracellular parasites which attack a wide range of hosts. They infect them with a unique invasive apparatus in which so-called penetrating tube structure plays an important role. They pierce the host's wall using this tube and enter rapidly multiplying trophic stage within the host's cell. Often, they also use the penetration tube when leaving the host. Therefore, the main goal of this work is to present the method of invasion and the structure of the penetration apparatus of these three groups of organisms in more details with an emphasis on their mutual relationship but also their different life stages. In a broader context, study of these organisms is also important from a phylogenetic point of view as their revolutionary history could help clarify the whole Fungi kingdom development. Up until now the scientific community has paid the most attention to the Microsporidia group and detailed information about the remaining groups is lacking. Key words: Aphelida, Cryptomycota, Microsporidia, Rozella, penetration tube, invasion
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Design of a photovoltaic power plant for a family house near Jihlava
Dvořák, Vít ; Maule, Petr (referee) ; Vaněk, Jiří (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with the design of a photovoltaic solar power station for a specific family house in the Jihlava region. The aim of the work was to get acquainted with technologies about the production of solar systems, evaluate the market in the Czech Republic and create a design of photovoltaic solar power station. Three designs of power stations were created with the help of the PV * SOL design system. Each design uses different photovoltaic cell technology. The result of each power station design is a complete finished project, which is based on many factors such as the efficiency of the entire system in a certain location, financial analysis, return on investment and more. In addition, these projects meet the conditions for the preparation of the subsidy program Nová zelená úsporám. At the end of the work, all three designed power stations are evaluated and with the help of multicriteria analysis, the best and most advantageous power station design for the given locality is determined. In the end, the idea of further development of the project is presented.
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Intraspecific variability of Phlebotomus sergenti, a major vector of Leishmania tropica
Dvořák, Vít
"Intraspecific variability of Phlebotomus sergenti, a major vector of Leishmania tropica" Vít Dvořák PhD. Thesis, defended in September 16, 2008 Phlebotomus sergenti is the main vector of Leishmania tropica, a causative agent of human cutaneous leishmaniasis, therefore a sand fly species of great medical importance. As it has a very broad range of distribution, a notable intraspecific variability was expected and a possibility of several cryptic species was postulated with differences in ecology, host preferences and vectorial capacity, meaning important implications in diagnostics, epidemiology and medical therapy. The presented thesis studied intraspecific variability of P. sergenti by crossmating analysis of laboratory colonies with different geographical origin as well as by several approaches of molecular taxonomy deployed on specimens from wild populations collected in the field. We demonstrated that crossing is possible between P. sergenti laboratory-reared specimens from colonies originating from Turkey and Israel. Succesful mating and insemination was observed, viable hybrid F1 and F2 offsprings were obtained from both parental combinations, no statistically significant difference in the egg production was found in the hybrids. Analysis of wild populations of P. sergenti from Turkey, Israel, Syria,...
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Leishmaniases of Algeria and Morocco - vectors and reservoir hosts
Hanušniaková, Ida ; Dvořák, Vít (advisor) ; Kočišová, Alica (referee)
Leishmaniasis is one of the major neglected tropical diseases, which occurs in both the Old and New Worlds, affecting hundreds of thousands of people annually. In the Old World, human-infecting leishmanias are transmitted by sand flies of the genus Phlebotomus, whereas in the New World by species of the genus Lutzomyia. The disease has three main clinical manifestations, namely cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. Algeria is year after year ranked second in the number of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis. In Morocco, the number of cases per year is lower, however, leishmaniasis is there also a common disease. Understanding the transmission cycles in the foci of the infection may lead to better prevention of the disease. In Morocco and Algeria, these Leishmania species occur: Leishmania major which causes zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis and is transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi, L. tropica, causative agent of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis transmitted by P. sergenti and L. infantum which causes zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis and is transmitted by several of the subgenus Larroussius, for instance P. perniciosus or P. perfiliewi. Reservoir organisms include rodents, dogs and humans. In the past, the species identification of sand flies depended on morphological keys. At...
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The role of hippoboscids in avian trypanosomes transmission
Santolíková, Anežka ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Dvořák, Vít (referee)
The aim of this thesis was to map the presence of avian hippoboscids in Czechia, clarify which lineages of avian trypanosomes are transmitted by them, and to test vector specificity of the trypanosomes that were isolated from louse flies earlier. In the years 2017 - 2018 we found 7 species of louse flies, namely Ornithomya avicularia (91), O. biloba (267), O. fringillina (45), Ornithoica turdi (6), Stenepteryx hirundinis (1) and Ornithophila metallica (1). The specificity of O. biloba and S. hirundinis toward Hirudinidae was confirmed. The other louse fly species were found on both migrant and resident birds. The phylogenetic analysis of gene for cytochrome c oxidase I which contained a newly characterised species O. metallica revealed that it is related to O. turdi. Avian trypanosomes were present in the following species: O. biloba (prevalence 20 %), O. avicularia (8 %), a O. fringillina (4 %). All trypanosome sequences from hippoboscids belonged to the avian trypanosome group corvi-culicavium. Phylogenetic analysis of trypanosome sequences confirmed the presence of five lineages of avian trypanosomes. Four trypanosome sequences from birds formed two new basal clades. Most of the trypanosome sequences from hippoboscids formed a sister group to the previously described lineages. The vector specificity of...
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Bloodmeal sources of European sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) and methods of their identification
Kykalová, Barbora ; Dvořák, Vít (advisor) ; Kočišová, Alica (referee)
Leishmaniasis is a dangerous neglected disease with worldwide distribution. It is transmitted exclusively by phlebotomine sand flies. Knowledge of host feeding patterns provides valuable information about the vector/host interaction. Moreover, the identification of host preferences can help to design effective protective measures. Over the years, many methods were adapted for this purpose. Nowadays, serological methods and DNA-based approaches in many variants are the most common ones. Markers of choice for sequencing analyses are mitochondrial genes, especially cytochrome B. Novel methods for host identification in sand flies are based on protein analysis. The method of peptide mass mapping was successfully tested and presented. This thesis presents results of blood meal identification in laboratory-reared female sand flies as well as specimens collected in the field surveys of different Balkan countries. It compares basic identification method, sequencing analysis, based on two different gene markers (cytochrome B, prepronociceptin) and two other DNA based methods, multiplex PCR and RFLP. It also presents use of peptide mass mapping, an inovative method of, mass spektrometry, and compares this approach with traditional DNA-based methods. Key words: Phlebotomus; host identification; DNA-based...
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