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Identifying Securitising Dynamics in Discourse and Practice
Abarzuza Garciandia, Patxi ; Czerska-Shaw, Karolina (advisor) ; Hellgren, Zenia (referee)
Following the anxiety triggered by the "shock" of the "refugee crisis" in 2015, states have adopted a wide range of legislative measures to reduce the access of migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers alike, to their territory. Governments have also sought to curtail the rights of migrants andasylum seekers within their territories. Moreover, these legislative changes have co-occurred as the budgets dedicated to migration controls have been increased in several member states. As such, a tendency can be observed in most member states to invest large amounts of money in sophisticated technologies aimed at increasing migration control and monitoring (Lehtonen and Aalto, 2017). This situation of unparalleled migration flows provided fertile ground for the proliferation of securitisation dynamics of migration and asylum in Europe. As the EU intensified narratives and policy actions that have pushed migration and asylum into security discourses and practices, the response to the refugee crisis found itself with more stringent measures (most of them adopted unilaterally by member states) and less coordination. In this light, the instruments for coordination between the Member States in dealing with asylum and refugee applications seem to fall short of meeting the increase in asylum and refugee claims. To respond to...
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Who protects whom? An Analysis of Non-Governmental Organisations as Policy Frame Entrepreneurs Protecting the Best Interests of Children on the Move in the European Union
Colín Ramírez, Sandra Gabriela ; Czerska-Shaw, Karolina (advisor) ; de Coninck, Joyce (referee)
Migrant children represent a significant share of the migrant and refugee population; one in every eight migrants around the world is a child. Due to their vulnerability, they are continuously exposed to violence, abuse, exploitation, and human trafficking. In the European Union, the number of children on migration in search of a safe haven has increased dramatically, particularly between 2015 and 2016; nevertheless children arriving at the Union, many of whom are unaccompanied, are subjected to illegal detentions, returned to their countries of origin, and other forms of violation of their human rights. NonGovernmental Organisations (NGOs) in the EU focused on migration and child protection have been advocating for a more effective protection of the human rights of children on the move within the European Union. They have mainly done it by engaging in efforts towards promoting policy innovations on how to understand the protection of children on the move. This thesis explores the role of Non-Governmental Organisations as policy frame entrepreneurs on the protection of human rights of children on the move in the European Union policymaking. It does so through framing analysis of five NGOs corpora; Save the Children, Eurochild, Defence for Children International, Caritas Europa, and Terre des Hommes...
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The Evolution of Turkish Asylum Policy Structures: The Effects of Europeanization and the Syrian Refugee Crisis
Koçan, Mert ; Yalaz, Evren (advisor) ; Czerska-Shaw, Karolina (referee)
Asylum policies have been one of the most important political controversies. Starting with the early 2000s, Turkish asylum policies and practices are associated with the Europeanization approach meaning the reformation of Turkish asylum law in line with EU acquis communautaire. Relationship between the European Union(EU) and Turkey accelerated with the decision for the launch of accession negotiations on 3 October 2005. During that time asylum matters have become particularly important for the EU as it was preparing itself for the big bang enlargement. On the other side, despite the weak possibility of membership, Turkey continued modifying its asylum law in accordance with the EU and international standards. However, Turkey did not lift the geographical limitation on the 1951 Refugee Convention. In 2015, Syrian refugees started arriving in the member states and the EU was unable to solve the refugee crisis in itself. Hence, the EU seek to make a deal with Turkey which become a sparkle for resurrection of the relations. The existing literature has focused either specifically on the EU-Turkey Deal or generally on the EU-Turkey relations. However, this thesis aims to find out to what extent asylum laws in Turkey have changed along with the accession negotiations with the European Union. The thesis will touch...
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The Perceived Benefits of Transnational Municipal Networks on Municipal Climate Change Initiatives
Cool-Fergus, Sarah ; Czerska-Shaw, Karolina (advisor) ; Zografos, Christos (referee)
Cities are uniquely positioned to become sustainable centres as they are responsible for key services which have large impacts on the environment (e.g., water/waste management, transportation, and infrastructure regulations). Working together across borders, local governments have banded together to form transnational municipal climate networks (TMCNs) with the purpose of achieving common environmental goals. While the financial, political, and administrative costs of joining such networks are low, the cost of implementing the network's obligations is high. This has created a dichotomy between active and inactive members who profit differently from their adhesion to the network. The purpose of this research is to test whether the variables which explain joining a transnational municipal network also explain active membership within one. The results also contribute to the overarching study of how effective TMCNs are at delivering upon their policy promises. To do so, this study runs a binary logistic regression of urban-level factors derived from this literature and tests whether they contribute to whether a city has implemented the network's obligations, particularly that of the Covenant of Mayors. The findings suggest that the factors which lead a city to join a TMCN are vary from those which...
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Should I Stay or Should I Go? - The Attractiveness/Unattractiveness of Portugal & Spain for Asylum Seekers
Branco Coelho, Cláudia Sofia ; Gebhardt, Dirk (advisor) ; Czerska-Shaw, Karolina (referee)
Drawing on the research object of migration, mostly focused on the inclusion of asylum seekers in the European Union (EU hereinafter), this Master thesis aims at measuring the attractiveness/unattractiveness of EU countries on welcoming asylum seekers in. The method used, is then, the comparison of Portugal and Spain, two similar countries, but with quite different outcomes. Furthermore, this work suggests that external factors are on the scope of forced migration, so issues as choice on the destination country, migrant networks, previous knowledge and the integration policies make a country attractive or not. The final results bring to light the interesting findings that asylum seekers coming legally to Portugal would rather live illegal anywhere else. Moreover, even though Spain appears as a relatively more "successful" country on attracting asylum applications, it also shares the same push factors as Portugal.
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The Evolution of Turkish Asylum Policy Structures: The Effects of Europeanization and the Syrian Refugee Crisis
Koçan, Mert ; Yalaz, Evren (advisor) ; Czerska-Shaw, Karolina (referee)
Asylum policies have been one of the most important political controversies. Starting with the early 2000s, Turkish asylum policies and practices are associated with the Europeanization approach meaning the reformation of Turkish asylum law in line with EU acquis communautaire. Relationship between the European Union(EU) and Turkey accelerated with the decision for the launch of accession negotiations on 3 October 2005. During that time asylum matters have become particularly important for the EU as it was preparing itself for the big bang enlargement. On the other side, despite the weak possibility of membership, Turkey continued modifying its asylum law in accordance with the EU and international standards. However, Turkey did not lift the geographical limitation on the 1951 Refugee Convention. In 2015, Syrian refugees started arriving in the member states and the EU was unable to solve the refugee crisis in itself. Hence, the EU seek to make a deal with Turkey which become a sparkle for resurrection of the relations. The existing literature has focused either specifically on the EU-Turkey Deal or generally on the EU-Turkey relations. However, this thesis aims to find out to what extent asylum laws in Turkey have changed along with the accession negotiations with the European Union. The thesis will touch...
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