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Value of the Antibodies Testing in the Diagnostics of Tick Borne Encephalitis
CHADTOVÁ, Marie
The Diagnostic Value of the Antibody Level Testing in Tick Born Encephalitis. This bachelor thesis is focused on the antibody testing and its diagnostic value in Tick Born Encephalitis.Data for this thesis were obtained at the laboratory of Virology, Dpt. of Medical Microbiology of the Cenral Laboratories, Hospital České Budějovice. The data were collected between January 1st and December 31st 2014. The thesis is divided in two parts: the theoretical and the experimental part. The theoretical part covers the history of the disease, its geographic distribution and the ways of the transmission of the virus. The disease was first described by Austrian physician Hans Schneider in 1931 as a periodically occuring disease. He called it "Epidemische acute Meningitis serosa". The virus was first described as the cause of the disease in Russia in 1937. In Czechoslovakia, the virus was described in 1947 in Prague by virologists František Galia and Josef Rampas. The first succesful virus isolation in Czechoslovakia was from Beroun district, the next successful isolation was in Vyškov district made by Dr. Krejčí. The virus was later isolated in other European countries as well. The hypothesis, that the virus is transmitted by ticks, was proved by Dr. Rampas and Dr. Galia by the isolation of the virus directly from the ticks Ixodes ricinus, collected in the Beroun district. The transmission of the virus by alimentary route was first described in 1951 near east Slovakian town Rožňava. The virus was transmitted by drinking nonpasteurized sheep milk. The laboratory infection is possible, when laboratory staff works with the viable virus. The Tick Borne Encephalitis virus is part of the genus Flavivirus , family Flaviviridae. It is an enveloped virus with cubic symetry. Virus particles are round shaped, with diameter 5060 nm. The central part is nucleus, containing viral RNA, enveloped by protein capsid and lipoprotein envelope. Lipoprotein envelope is double lined and contains important antigens - glycoprotein E and menbrane protein M. Tick Borne Encephalitis is transmitted by ticks. The incidance is therefore closely connected to the activity of the ticks in nature. The activity of the ticks depends on the season, temperature, humidity and altitude. The presence of people in focal point is also essential. Tick Borne Encephalitis is an infection with the natural focal point. Its natural reservoir are mainly small rodents and other wild animals. Human activity in nature can lead to the transmission of the disese to humans. Human are a blind end of the transmission chain, no interhuman transmisson was described. The virus penetrates the organism via the tick bite. The virus penetrates to the skin from salivary glands of the tick through the small wound. The primary multiplication starts there. The virus is later spread by lymphatic system to the blood stream. This corresponds with the first phase of the infection. The second phase of the infection is accompanied by secondary viremia, the virus multiplies in various tissues and spreads into the central nervous system. The incubation period before the beginning of the first phase is 714 days. The first phase may proceed under the clinical picture of mild, flu- like virosis with the increased temperature, muscle pain and fatigue. This period lasts 1 to 2 days, maximum 6 days. After the first phase there is a period of approximately one week without any signs of the disease. After this period the second phase may occur, with sthe signs of meningitis, menigoencephalitis or myelitis. The treatment is symptomatic. To diminish the symptoms of the disease, analgetics, antipyretics , anticonvulsives and sometimes antiedematic treatment is indicated. The epidemiological mesures are based on education and vaccination. The vaccine is available since the eigties of the last century. Laboratory diagnostic may use direct or indirect detection of the virus. The methods of direct detect
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