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The present state in declension of Czech nouns belonging to types kámen, břímě
Šimandl, Josef ; Čermák, František (advisor) ; Kučera, Karel (referee) ; Rusínová, Lenka (referee)
There are two groups of noun in Czech - the type kámen 'stone' among inanimate masculine nouns, and the type břemeno/břímě 'burden' among neuters - that vary between the "hard" and "soft" declension. The kernel of both groups was n-stems in Old Slavonic. Their ancient endings are reflected as soft endings in present-day Czech. During the development, former n-stems acquired also hard endings, for the plural commonly, for the singular to a various extent. Acquiring newer endings was reflected in language handbooks; however, long-term processes were sometimes overestimated and a development was anticipated that in fact still did not happen. The thesis submitted tries to describe the state of form variation according to approachable data about the present usage. The data source was the representative corpus of present-day Czech SYN2000, as a supplementary source other corpora (incl. user-defined subcorpus SYNod2000), and the Internet. Findings from the diachronic corpus DIAKORP, supplemented by electronic excerpts from further diachronic texts, partly illuminate the development of the variation observed, as well as electronic excerpts from Kralice Bible (1613). ...
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From irregular word formation: mechanical shortening and blending
Šimandl, Josef
After a survey of irregularities in the regular derivation, a survey of irregular ways is given, following Czech grammatographical tradition. Some remarks to the mechanical shortening follow. From specifically English ways to form new words, back derivation is mentioned; however, the main topic is blending. Czech equivalents to blending are estimated and the winner for now is přiklánění, “inclining”, because the notion of each single element continues in the blend and so does the form to a diverse extent. Examples are given how insufficient is to distinguish between “portmanteaux” and “telescops”, for there are more ways how to incline words closer to each other. A new term “hinting” is coined for the semantic side of blending: each blend hints its basic words. The frequency of mechanical shortenings and blends cannot be pinpointed, due to uniqueness of creatively formed words. The question, how broad is the periphery (not-formed words, words formed from an obsolete base or/and after obsolete models, mechanically shortened words, blended words ...) against the centre of regularly well-formed words, remains unanswered, but not forgotten.
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Morphology of onyms: the past vs. today
Šimandl, Josef
This paper discovers core and limits of investigating grammatical properties of onyms, using electronical texts, corpora in particular. Section 1 reminds older treatments. Two central sections – 2: on pluralia-tantum toponyms in -y; 3: on names like Kabáti ‘members of the Kabát group’, apart from other meanings – introduce two groups of today’s problems: from one side, an unexspectably broad variation is attested; from the other side, new ways of grammatical forming emerge from the border between standard and non-standard, namely by chrematonyms, where the mere evidence of their repertory is a hard task. Section 4 enumerates the possibilities of a grammatical description.
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To the multifunctionality of suffixes for names of properties
Šimandl, Josef
Based on material concerning two of Czech suffixes for names of properties, the contribution defends three theses: (1) The multifunctionality of word-formation means can be mapped easier than before by using corpora. (2) The description of word-formation means ought not be given in terms of categories (word-formation c., onomasiological c.); it can be given as a grammar of single means. (3) Problematic and peripheral cases, whereby some of them reach high frequencies, appear more distinctly in the grammar of means.
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Od korpusu jako otevřeného zdroje pro bádání ke komerčním produktům
Šimandl, Josef
The development of corpora is sketched, from large collections of texts without tagging through tagged corpora to machines that operate above tagged corpora and produce data presented as data about language, such as Word Sketches (TM). The article remarks that every corpus is merely a representation of texts and that the quality of representation is to be examined. The unavoidable question in research is how is the corpus built and how, under what principles, the service software operates. Both in case we explore a corpus with distortions, where texts appear in a way nobody has written them so (digits and their environment uses to be phenomena of that sort), and in case we are not allowed to have an insight "below the bonnet" or to change working parameters, we hardly may speak about doing scholarly research.
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