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The circulation of cobalt in the environment
Charuza, Martin ; Mládková, Zuzana (referee) ; Sommer, Lumír (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with importance of cobalt in the environment, especially as a component of B12 vitamin. Vitamin B12 is a complex, that is necessary for proper formation of blood corpuscules and DNA, except that affects many others procesess in the body. Cobalt forms many complex compounds, which are discussed in this work. The most common oxidation number in compounds are +II and +III. The second part describes spectrophotometric determination of cobalt with suitable reagents. There are a lot of spectrophotmetric reagents for cobalt determination in a sample. The most widely used spectrophotometric reagents for determination of cobalt are 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR), 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphtol (PAN), 2-(5-Brom-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (5-Brom-PADAP), 4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinol (TAR) a 2-(2-thiazolylazo)-4-methoxyphenol (TAMP). All of theese reagents are heterocyclic azodyes. Cobalt is bonded on this azodyes by coordination covalent bond and forms stable complex.
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Microdetermination of cobalt by methods of molecular and atomic absorption spectrometry
Charuza, Martin ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Sommer, Lumír (advisor)
This diploma thesis is focused on microdetermination of cobalt by UV-VIS spectrophotometry with organic agents and comparison with atomic absorption spectrometry. In the first part properties, occurance and importance of cobalt in the environment are desribed, complete with as a part of vitamine B12. Attention is also given to cobalt compounds, especially in the oxidative states +II and +III. Methods of preconcentration and preparation cobalt determination in real samples are adduced. In this thesis are described some optical analytical methods with accept on spectrophotometric agents for determination of cobalt. The experimental part of this thesis icludes optimalization of the spectrophotometric determination of cobalt with choosen organic agents 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcin and 2-(5-Brom-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol and optimalization of atomic absorption spectrometry for cobalt determination. All of real samples of water (surface, underground, mineral and waste) were measured by both 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcin and 2-(5-Brom-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol via UV-VIS and via atomic absorption spectrometry. Results of determinations were compared. A sample of vitamine B12 was measured too by all techniques.
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Comparison of detection cells for chemiluminescent determination of cobalt ions
Dospělová, Veronika ; Hraníček, Jakub (advisor) ; Nováková, Eliška (referee)
In this thesis, a method for the determination of cobalt ions by sequential injection analysis was developed and optimized. The chemiluminescent reaction of luminol was used for the determination of cobalt ions, where its oxidation by hydrogen peroxide is catalysed by cobalt ions in a basic medium. The reaction is accompanied by the emission of radiation in the form of chemiluminescence, which is detected at a peak wavelength of 425 nm. The determination was carried out in several experimental setups with different types of detection cells. For each setup, the measurement conditions were optimized to achieve the highest and at the same time stable signal of the chemiluminescent radiation intensity. Subsequently, under the optimized conditions, the individual calibration dependencies were measured, and the basic measurement characteristics were determined. Based on these characteristics, the most suitable layout and type of detection cell were selected for which interference studies of selected major cations were measured. The developed method was applied to the determination of vitamin B12 samples. The vitamin molecule contains just one cobalt atom, which was released by different types of decomposition prior to determination. Keywords Sequential injection analysis Chemiluminescence Luminol Cobalt...
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Chemiluminescent determination of vitamin B12 using sequential injection analysis
Doležalová, Veronika ; Hraníček, Jakub (advisor) ; Dian, Juraj (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals to find the optimal conditions for the determination of vitamin B12 by the Sequential Injection Analysis (SIA). The basis of the determination is a chemiluminescence reaction in which luminol is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide under the catalysis of cobalt ions in a basic medium. The intensity of the chemiluminescence radiation was measured using a spectrofluorometric detector and the measured intensities were recorded. Suitable experimental conditions were found experimentally before the actual determination. A total of 4 parameters were optimized, namely, the mass percentage of hydrogen peroxide, the ratio between the dosed cobalt ion sample and the luminol solution, the sample flow rate and the luminol concentration. Under optimized conditions, several solutions of known cobalt ion concentration were measured, from which a calibration dependence of chemiluminescence intensity on cobalt ion concentration could be established. For this determination, the basic characteristics were determined. For the determination of vitamin B12 itself by the SIA technique, it was assumed that the vitamin molecule contains exactly one cobalt atom, which was released from the molecule by the action of UV radiation. At the end of the work, the concentration obtained by the measurement was...
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Case Study of Physiotherapy Treatment of a Patient with Funicular Myelosis
Voleský, Kryštof ; Novotná, Irena (advisor) ; Hankovcová, Eva (referee)
Author: Kryštof Voleský Title: Case study of physiotherapy treatment of a patient with funicular myelosis Objectives: Processing of theoretical base for diagnosis of funicular myelosis and elaboration of physiotherapy procedurs for patient with funicular myelosis. Methods: This bachelor thesis was originated on ground of practice at Military university hospital Prague from January 14th to February 8th . At the time I was working with patient with diagnosis of funicular myelosis, he was hospitalized during my practice (to January 28th ). The thesis is divided into two main parts - theoretical and special. The theoretical includes processed basic knowledge about the illness, characteristics, ethiopathogenesis, diagnostics, treatment, associated diseases and physiotherapy methods for diagnoses of funicular myelosis. Special part contains funicular myelosis patien's case concept, processes and effect of the therapy. Results: The Patient made progress at several areas. Muscle strength, muscle shortening, range of motion, elimination of spasticity and verticalization got better. Conclusion: This bachelor thesis achieved the stated goals. Specifically theoretical base was processed and physiotherapy procedurs were elaborated for the diagnosis. Results of theraphy are also included in the end of the...
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Vegan diet in childhood and adolescence
KVÍČALOVÁ, Kamila
The study deals with the specifics of the vegan diets in children and adolescents. It examines suitability of the vegan diet in children from birth to adolescence, defines the essential dietary components and their representation and role in the children's diet. It also focuses on possible scarce nutrients in vegan diets, the amount required for proper growth and development of a child, the main sources of these nutrients in a plant-based diet, and their potential replacement and supplementation through fortified foods or dietary supplements. Attention is also paid to the mother's diet during pregnancy and breasfeeding and its impact on child development. The practical part contains the results of interviews with mothers from the Czech Republic and Slovakia who provide their children with a vegan diet. It explores awareness of the mothers in the field of the children's vegan nutrition, the way of feeding their children, their health condition, but also the realtionships and support of these families from their loved ones, extended family and friends, and, last but not least, the attitude of pediatricians and educational institutions to this decision.
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Anaemia focusing on macrocytic anaemia
ŠŤASTNÁ, Edita
The content of my thesis are macrocytic anaemia. I deal with overall issues of anaemia because it is a widespread disease. According to MCV, I divided individual anaemia into microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic. Then I focused only on the topic of macrocytic anaemia. Macrocytic anaemia is not a frequently occurring type of anaemia. The main causes of macrocytosis include deficiency of folic acid and vitamin B12. I worked with a group of patients, who had examined blood counts for one month in the hospital České Budějovice a. s. In these patients, I examined the frequency of anaemia, which I further divided by MCV into microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic. Then I focused on the macrocytic anaemias. I worked with an automated hematology analyzer Unicel DxH 800 Beckman Coulter. In 12 % of all patients was detected macrocytic anaemia. According my observing, this disease appears more often with men and mostly in the age of 50 and older. In all cases I observed severity of this illness. Majority of patients was examined either for mild degree, or for moderate degree of anaemia. Severe cases were only rare. After that I traced back, if causes of macrocytosis were examined in cases, when patient suffer from anaemia. I worked with ADVIA analyzer and I found out that only 12 % patients were examined for vitamin B12 deficiency and only 11 % were examined for folic acid deficiency. I was wondering, why these parameters weren't examined. I watched therefore, which department examine these two parameters and if there is a connection between frequency of requests for this examination, together with the value of MCV or severity of anaemia. Based on my results, I realized that in cases of macrocytic anaemia often no search was done and that reduces the effectiveness of treatment.
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Microdetermination of cobalt by methods of molecular and atomic absorption spectrometry
Charuza, Martin ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Sommer, Lumír (advisor)
This diploma thesis is focused on microdetermination of cobalt by UV-VIS spectrophotometry with organic agents and comparison with atomic absorption spectrometry. In the first part properties, occurance and importance of cobalt in the environment are desribed, complete with as a part of vitamine B12. Attention is also given to cobalt compounds, especially in the oxidative states +II and +III. Methods of preconcentration and preparation cobalt determination in real samples are adduced. In this thesis are described some optical analytical methods with accept on spectrophotometric agents for determination of cobalt. The experimental part of this thesis icludes optimalization of the spectrophotometric determination of cobalt with choosen organic agents 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcin and 2-(5-Brom-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol and optimalization of atomic absorption spectrometry for cobalt determination. All of real samples of water (surface, underground, mineral and waste) were measured by both 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcin and 2-(5-Brom-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol via UV-VIS and via atomic absorption spectrometry. Results of determinations were compared. A sample of vitamine B12 was measured too by all techniques.
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The circulation of cobalt in the environment
Charuza, Martin ; Mládková, Zuzana (referee) ; Sommer, Lumír (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with importance of cobalt in the environment, especially as a component of B12 vitamin. Vitamin B12 is a complex, that is necessary for proper formation of blood corpuscules and DNA, except that affects many others procesess in the body. Cobalt forms many complex compounds, which are discussed in this work. The most common oxidation number in compounds are +II and +III. The second part describes spectrophotometric determination of cobalt with suitable reagents. There are a lot of spectrophotmetric reagents for cobalt determination in a sample. The most widely used spectrophotometric reagents for determination of cobalt are 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR), 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphtol (PAN), 2-(5-Brom-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (5-Brom-PADAP), 4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinol (TAR) a 2-(2-thiazolylazo)-4-methoxyphenol (TAMP). All of theese reagents are heterocyclic azodyes. Cobalt is bonded on this azodyes by coordination covalent bond and forms stable complex.
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Effect reduced levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid on the morfology of erythrocytes
POPELOVÁ, Michaela
The morphology of erythrocyte is an important diagnostic element. Changes in morphology can point to certain diseases. Among various morphological features of erythrocytes the automatic analyzers commonly examine their size and stainability. The size of erythrocyte is ranging between 6.7 and 7.7 mmicrometrů. The smaller erythrocytes are called microcytes while bigger ones are called macrocytes. The size of erythrocytes is assessed by MCV (Mean Cell Volume), which indicates the average corpuscular volume. The supply of substances such as proteins, vitamins and minerals is important for proper development and metabolism of erythrocytes. Especially iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid are substances that affect the morphology of the erythrocyte. Deficiency of these substances leads to morphological changes in the blood picture. The deficiency of iron is presented in the peripheral blood like microcytosis (MCV <80 fl). The macrocytosis is the opposite change, which means deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid (MCV> 97 fl). This change is the main theme of project. As a result of deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid, changes in bone marrow are formed in addition to changes observed in the peripheral blood. Deficiency of vitamin B12 causes the megaloblastic reconstruction of bone marrow. This reconstructed bone marrow differs from normoblastic bone marrow by size, shape and and the gap between the cytoplasm and nucleus maturation. The retardation of nuclear maturation is caused by a suppressed formation of DNA related to the above mentioned deficiency of vitamin B12. Megaloblastic anemia and pernicious anemia are other hematological diseases caused by deficiency of vitamin B12. These diseases are at work also mentioned. The causes, which lead to a lack of both vitamins, are variable, for instance their insufficient food intake, or a defect in their assimilation. At present automatic analyzers offer a full range of tested parameters of blood cells. The samples were examined by an automatic analyzer Coulter LH 750, which operates on the principle of impedance. The value of MCV analyzer calculates using the software as the average of all measured impedance pulses. The macrocytosis was presented in 4% of the total number of samples examined for levels of vitamin B12. In 52% of samples deficient values of B12 (< 150 ng/l) content were observed. The macrocytosis was present in 7.5% of the total number of samples examined for level of folic acid. The deficit values of folic acid (< 3,1 microgram/l) were observed in 38% of all cases. At increased values of MCV 27% deficiency of vitamin B12 and 33% deficiency of folic acid was found. This work confirmed the link between lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid and the subsequent development of morphological changes. The deficiency in vitamin B12, in folic acid or in both vitamins occurred at high MCV.
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