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Migrations in the African Sahel through the view of the genetic diversity of control segment of mitochondrial DNA
Adámková, Kristýna ; Černý, Viktor (advisor) ; Frynta, Daniel (referee)
Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the highest diversity of anatomically modern humans (AMH). With the use of genetic analysis of mostly uniparental loci, gradually we can uncover the migratory activity of humans long time ago. This work focuses on the African Sahel. It is a long, horizontal strip bordered by the Sahara Desert and tropical rainforests across the entire continent. Favorable environmental conditions and the absence of a geographical barrier are suitable not only for mobile herders, but also for sedentary farmers. These provisos create high migration aktivity in the area. In this work, I newly sequenced 474 mitochondrial DNA samples of 11 populations. Populations of pastoralists and farmers are spread all over Sahel/Savannah belt. Intrapopulation analysis assessed diversity within the population and generally showed low values in pastoral populations, especially Fulani pastoralists in the western Sahel. Interpopulation analysis revealed bigger differences between individual populations than between populations clustered in the subsistence group of pastoralists or farmers, within regions or within language. The work included populations with Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan language families. Thanks to the Migrate-n program, in this work I was able to confirm the...
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The genetic links around the Red Sea as revealed by the mtDNA
Čížková, Martina ; Černý, Viktor (advisor) ; Rídl, Jakub (referee)
The Red Sea region is one of the important places that allow us to uncover traces of the evolution of anatomically modern humans. Besides the questions related to its expansion out of Africa, this region is also important in terms of the mutual influence between populations of Africa and Arabia that after a long period of isolation and genetic differentiation related to climate change in the Pleistocene and subsequent development of seaways and land routes in the Holocene began to contact with each other more frequently. Number of genetic analyzes has been done but some issues concerning on the later development still remain inadequately answered, mainly because of insufficient material. This work is focused on the analysis of 200 mtDNA sequences of four Sudanese populations - two populations of nomadic herdsmen Rashaida and Beja living in the close neighborhood around the city of Kassala and speaking different languages and two populations of the Nile Valley with settled way of life. Analysis of the intrapopulation level revealed much higher diversity of the sedentary populations (in this work the sedentary populations are represented by the Nubians and Arabs). Interpopulation variability and genetic distances within other 46 populations of the Red Sea showed that although Rashaida and Beja people...
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The genetic links around the Red Sea as revealed by the mtDNA
Čížková, Martina ; Černý, Viktor (advisor) ; Rídl, Jakub (referee)
The Red Sea region is one of the important places that allow us to uncover traces of the evolution of anatomically modern humans. Besides the questions related to its expansion out of Africa, this region is also important in terms of the mutual influence between populations of Africa and Arabia that after a long period of isolation and genetic differentiation related to climate change in the Pleistocene and subsequent development of seaways and land routes in the Holocene began to contact with each other more frequently. Number of genetic analyzes has been done but some issues concerning on the later development still remain inadequately answered, mainly because of insufficient material. This work is focused on the analysis of 200 mtDNA sequences of four Sudanese populations - two populations of nomadic herdsmen Rashaida and Beja living in the close neighborhood around the city of Kassala and speaking different languages and two populations of the Nile Valley with settled way of life. Analysis of the intrapopulation level revealed much higher diversity of the sedentary populations (in this work the sedentary populations are represented by the Nubians and Arabs). Interpopulation variability and genetic distances within other 46 populations of the Red Sea showed that although Rashaida and Beja people...
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