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Redukce metanu u přežvýkavců pomocí výživy
Pávišová, Aneta
The bachelor thesis "Methane reduction in ruminants by means of nutrition", provides a comprehensive overview of the ways in which methane production in ruminants can be reduced within the limits of possibility. The thesis discusses the addition of feed additives to the ration, the manipulation of feed components in the ration and the influence of feeding techniques. Finally, it describes alternative methods of methane reduction, such as the use of vaccines in ruminant breeding or the use of genetic selection. Livestock are responsible for up to 18% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and this figure is estimated to increase further. At the same time, the formation of methane in the rumen results in a loss of energy from feed of up to 12 %. The use of feed additives in the ration rather than ration modification alone appears to be effective. The type of animal, housing management and individuality of the animals are very important. It is important to design and research both new and existing measures in order to establish clear feeding practices and reduce the economic losses of the farm.
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Analýza výživy a krmení vybraných druhů zvířat v ZOO Brno
Mertová, Magdalena
The thesis is concerned with the issue of nutrition and feeding of animals kept in zoos. Specifically, it focuses on two groups of ungulates kept in Brno Zoo, namely equids (Przewalski's horse, eastern kiang, Chapman's zebra) and ruminants (European elk, Indian takin, Himalayan tahr, reticulated giraffe). The main objective of the work was to verify the suitability of the diets used for the selected animal species in terms of feed used and nutrient composition, using available software. The professional animal nutrition software of AgroKonzulta Žamberk spol. s r.o. and a modified feed database used in the Liberec Zoo were used. Feeding standards were created for individual animal species based on the nutrient requirement standards for livestock. The results of the work show that the available programs are not ideal for the analysis of feed rations of animals kept in the zoo. To improve the analysis, it would be necessary to know the exact nutrient composition of the feed used. The results of the analysis of the diets show that most of them contain too much dry matter and other nutrients (especially crude protein). An exception is the elk ration, which would need to increase the dry matter content while reducing the crude protein content.
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Faktory ovlivňující excystaci žaludečních kryptosporidií přežvýkavců
DUDÁKOVÁ, Hana
In this study, we investigated the effects of temperature and pH on the excystation of gastric Cryptosporidium of mammals. Oocysts of Cryptosporiidum andersoni, obtained from a naturally infected cow, were used in this study. Oocyst viability was de termined by propidium iodide staining (PI). The first factor studied was temperature. Oocysts stored in dH2O were incubated in water bath preheated to temperatures between 32 and 44 °C for 5, 15, and 30 min. With increasing temperature and time, we observed a higher percentage of excysted oocysts. Most oocysts excysted at 40 °C and heating for 30 minutes. In addition, excystation of oocysts was also examined in solutions with different pH values (in a range of 29) heated in a water bath at 40 °C. The optimal pH for excysting is between 6 and 7; however, even at lower values, enough oocysts excyst to cause infection.
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Diagnosis of infections caused by members of the superfamily Paramphistomoidea
Pokrupová, Zuzana ; Pankrác, Jan (advisor) ; Račka, Karol (referee)
Trematodes of the superfamily Paramphistomoidea are significant pathogens of various species of vertebrates including livestock. They also cause significant economic losses. Adults are located in the forestomaches, eventually in the bile ducts or in the large intestine of the host. Severe pathological changes and sometimes even death of the host are caused by juvenile stages during their migration in small intestine. The diagnosis of paramphistomosis is done mainly by coprological methods (McMaster method, mini-FLOTAC, sedimentation methods) which detect the presence of eggs in the faeces of definitive host. However, these methods cannot be used during the prepatent period. Therefore it is important to develop immunological methods that enable detection of the infection in the early phase. It is also important to develope methods for molecular identification of paramphistomes to facilitate epidemiological studies and evaluate the economic importance of individual species of Paramphistomoidea. Presented thesis summarizes current methods and development of new strategies in diagnostics of paramphistomosis and molecular identification of paramphistomes.
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Characteristics of crude protein fractions in ruminant nutrition
KOUKOLOVÁ, Marie
Physiology of nutrition and feeding of farm animals is an essential factor influencing production efficiency and its quality. For these factors is important to provide optimal supply of nutrients by suitable feeds. Felicitous feed ration raise the economic realization of genetic potential of animals. Therefore we have to know the nutritional requirements of animals, including microorganisms, whose function in the diet of cattle is irreplaceable. The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional value of forage and lupine feeds (n = 8) by laboratory methods. Samples were analyzed for individual feed nutrients (crude protein (CP), fat, crude fiber, ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL)), gross energy and nitrogen fractions, and the results were statistically processed. Determination of individual nitrogen fractions was according to methods of Licitra et al. (1996). For this purpose were used following laboratory methods: (1) determination of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) (2), determination of soluble nitrogen and protein, (3) determination of nitrogen insoluble in acid detergent (ADIP), (4) determination of nitrogen insoluble in neutral detergent (NDIP). From these were obtained the results of NPN, IP (insoluble protein), SOLP (soluble protein), ADIP (nitrogen insoluble in acid detergent) and NDIP (insoluble nitrogen in neutral detergent). Averaged values (g.kg-1 of dry matter) of were 144.3 for NPN, 97.5 for IP, 78.7 for SOLP, 30.4 for ADIP and 80.3 for NDIP. Nitrogen fractions, i.e. fraction A (nonprotein nitrogen), fraction B1 (rapidly degraded protein), fraction B2 (intermediately degraded protein), fraction B3 (slowly degraded protein) and fraction C (bound protein) were calculated by equations of Ghoorchi and Arbabi (2010). The range of values was from 2.5 to 51.2 % of CP for fraction A, from 13.4 to 20.7 % of CP for fraction B1, from 0 to 19.9 % of CP for fraction B2, from 5.5 to 51.9 % of CP for fraction B3 and from 10.1 to 32.4 % of CP for fraction C.
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