|
|
Pharmacokinetic modelling in Positron Emission Tomography
Čaňková, Lenka ; Jiřík, Radovan (referee) ; Mézl, Martin (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with pharmacokinetic compartmental modelling in positron emission tomography. It includes a description of the basic pharmacokinetic variables and models. Models for selected radiopharmaceuticals are theoretically developed. Simulations of different organs in the Simulink environment have been performed for the radiopharmaceutical 18F-FDG. A brain slice model for the radiopharmaceutical [11C]-PS13 was created. Estimation of constants and optimization of models based on real data was performed. Subsequently, graphs of radiopharmaceutical concentrations as a function of time were plotted and described.
|
|
|
Preparation of radiopharmaceuticals at the department of nuclear medicine
ČERNOHORSKÁ, Eliška
The bachelor thesis deals with the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals for the department of nuclear medicine. The theoretical part describes the basic terminology related to radiopharmaceuticals, their production, acquisition, methods of preparation or dosage forms in which they are applied. Part of the work is also devoted to no less important effects of ionizing radiation and protection against it, which is related to the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals. The theoretical part is processed from professional publications, articles and websites in the form of literary review. The aim of this thesis was to describe the preparation of most used individual radiopharmaceuticals for certain examinations at the Department of Nuclear Medicine of the Hospital of České Budějovice, a.s. This aim was fulfilled in the practical part, where were described the individual radiopharmaceuticals, the detailed procedure of their preparation and the principles of their storage. The practical part also includes requirements for workplace equipment, cleanliness of the operational environment (clean room construction, cleanliness classes, air conditioning, requirements for workers and their work, which is based on aseptic work procedures and the principles of radiation protection. The work contributes to the knowledge of the operation and equipment of the workplace and the requirements placed on it, as well as to the understanding of the preparation of individual radiopharmaceuticals at the department of preparation of radiopharmaceuticals. The work is conceived as an educational text especially for students and staff of the field of radiology assistant. I also focused on outlining the operation and layout of the OPR, the requirements for work in this department, which is based on aseptic work and protection against ionizing radiation. Both research questions were fullfiled by this. This work can be, in my opinion, used as an educational text especially for students and staff of the field of radiology assistant.
|
|
|
Influence of the time interval from the radiopharmaceutical administration on the bone / background activity ratio in the bone scintigraphy
ZAHOŘOVÁ, Tereza
Influence of the time interval from the application of radiopharmaceutical on the activity ratio of bone/backround during the skeletal scintigraphy. The presented thesis aims to demonstrate the effect of the selected time interval from the application of radiopharmaceutical until the start of whole body skeletal scintigraphy on the quality of examination of patients at the department of nuclear medicine at the Clinic of imaging methods in FN Pilsen. The ratio between the background and bone activity of patients will vary with the length of the interval between the application of radiopharmaceuticals and the beginning of imaging. We expect that with prolonging of the time interval the ratio between the background and bone activity will increase, which means a higher quality of your imaging in practise. The hypothesis of this thesis expects a differentiation of ratio between the background and bone activity depending on the time of initiating whole body scintigraphy from the time of application of radiopharmaceuticals. To determine the ratio value a reference file of males aged 25-65 years (year of birth from 1951 to 1991, the year of examination from 2013 to 2016), weighing 65-95 kg was created, where scintigraphy does not show pathology in the examined area of the skeleton or in the soft tissues on the left thigh. These patients were divided into two groups according to the time intervals between the application and the beginning of the whole body skeletal scintigraphy. The first group consists of 30 patients who were examined less than 120 minutes after the application of the radiopharmaceutical. The second group consists of 30 patients who were examined more than 120 minutes after the application of the radiopharmaceutical. Using the ROI technique, values from the areas L5, right femur and soft tissue structures on the left thigh are obtained. These values are then used to calculate the time intervals on the activity ratio of bone/backround and verify the hypothesis, which assumes that the ratio values between the above mentioned groups will be different. This difference should prove that a longer time interval between the application of the radiopharmaceutical and the beginning of scintigraphy will bring a higher quality of scintigraphic imaging. This qualitative factor will be beneficial both for patients and their physicians who have to describe these scintigrams.
|
|
|
Evalution of renal function in patient with urinary obstrution
PLOCKOVÁ, Irena
Kidneys, ranking among the most important organs of the human body, have been affected with various diseases. Some of these diseases slow down or completely stop the elimination of urine from the kidneys. In this study, I focused on patients with such problems. A sample of 41 patients with a physiological urine elimination and a disorder of urine elimination was selected from those having visited the Clinic of Nuclear Medicine (CNM) of the University Hospital (UH) in Brno within the period of 3 months. Tmax, T1/2, MTT and a part of single kidney function from the overall renal activity were determined in all these patients. The patients were examined in accordance with the valid SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures) prepared for the personal and instrument conditions of the CNM UH Brno. A dynamic renal scintigraphy was performed under the using of MB 9200 gammacamera with LEAP collimator and DIAG evaluation equipment. After an intravenous application of 75 ? 200 MBq 99mMAG3, we initiated acquisition (1 scintigram in 20 seconds) over a total period of 20 minutes. Tmax, T1/2 and the separated renal function were evaluated as a standard. MTT (Mean Transit Time) was evaluated for the purpose of this study. Based on the acquired data, we compared both groups of patients because the aim of this study was to confirm or disprove the hypothesis saying that Tmax and T1/2 cannot be evaluated in patients with obstructive type of the curve. These values cannot be used to describe the function of renal parenchyma. The used statistical methods have shown that the age is a statistically insignificant parameter, while the statistical significance of Tmax. And MTT was confirmed. Measurement results and conclusions of this study will be used for constitution of new new SOPs for the dynamic renal scintigraphy at the Clinic of Nuclear Medicine of the University Hospital in Brno. Furthermore, the measurement results and conclusions will be published and presented to scientific public at congresses.
|
|
|
Determination of radiochemical purity of radiopharmaceuticals TechneScan HDP by chromatography using different mobile and stationary phases
RAUS, Klára
Nuclear medicine is a relatively young medical field. The nuclear medicine department performs both diagnostic tests and therapies using open radiation sources whereas the diagnostic use currently prevails. The imaging method used is called scintigraphy and uses a scintillation camera capturing the distribution of administered radiopharmaceutical. Using a scintillation detector, which is incorporated in a gamma camera, the distribution of the radiopharmaceutical in the target tissue can be observed, either after a certain period of time from the administration of the radiopharmaceutical (static scintigraphy) or over time (dynamic scintigraphy). One of the most common examinations performed at the nuclear medicine department is bone scintigraphy. The examination is carried out using osteotropic radiopharmaceutical that binds to bones, thus revealing pathologies caused by the change of metabolic activity. The examination in itself takes place through external detection of the administered radiopharmaceutical. Bone scintigraphy is a very useful examination that is used to detect bone metastases in cancer diseases, to diagnose primary malignant bone tumors, to detect infectious processes in the bones, to diagnose joint diseases, metabolic diseases of the skeleton, and bone injuries. The examination in itself is performed by using radiopharmaceuticals. Once administered, the radiopharmaceutical serves as a diagnostic indicator. This is a medicine that incorporates a radionuclide that emits ionizing radiation. The radionuclides used in nuclear medicine are artificially prepared and transported either as ready-to-use products or as radionuclide generators to the nuclear medicine department. The generator that is the most commonly used at the nuclear medicine department is the 99Mo/99mTc generator. The above mentioned radionuclide generator consists of a glass chromatography column which is located in a lead shielding cylinder. The column contains the adsorbent material (alumina) in which the parent radionuclide is adsorbed. Due to different chemical properties of the parent and the daughter element the daughter radionuclide can be washed out (eluted) by means of a suitable solution. In practice, the radiopharmaceuticals are commonly prepared using kits that are commercially available. The kits are labeled by using sodium pertechnetate solution obtained from the 99Mo/99mTc generator. Prior to the administration of the radiopharmaceutical to the patient it is necessary to carry out the determination of radiochemical purity. The most commonly used is a paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography. In the Czech Republic, 99mTc labelled diphosphonates (e.g. the kits TechneScan HDP, 6-MDP or 8-MDP are used for bone scintigraphy. These osteotropic radiopharmaceuticals are prepared in a shielded laminar box in the radiopharmaceutical laboratory at the nuclear medicine department. The preparation is subject to the manufacturer's instructions. After preparation, prior to administration to the patient, the determination of radiochemical purity needs to be performed. The determination of radiochemical purity of the radiopharmaceutical TechneScan HDP is carried out by using thin layer chromatography (ITLC-SG) by means of 13.6% solution of sodium acetate and methyl ethyl ketone as eluent. However, this determination is demanding for the normal operation of the department in terms of design as well as costs. Therefore, a suitable alternative method was sought. The new method consists in paper chromatography by using 0.9% solution of sodium chloride and acetone as eluent. After 50 determinations of radiochemical purity using pharmacopoeial and alternative methods was found that the alternative method is applicable for the routine determination of radiochemical purity during normal operation of the nuclear medicine department
|
|
|
Radioactive waste management in the department of nuclear medicine
VENCLÍK, Zdeněk
Radioactive waste management in the department of nuclear medicine is a complex process in which it is necessary to obey a number of lawful orders. These are based on physical and chemical properties of the radionuclide sources. At present these regulations particularly include Act No. 18/1997 Coll., on Peaceful utilisation of nuclear energy and ionizing radiation (the Atomic Act) and amendment to and alteration of some related acts in the wording and implementing Decree No. 307/2002 Coll., on Radiation Protection (which repeals Decree No. 184/1997 Coll.) in the wording of Decree No. 499/2005 Coll., which amends the Decree of the Czech National Council for nuclear safety No. 307/2002 Coll., on Radiation Protection. This legislation regulates the management of radioactive waste as a whole and deals with specific radionuclides in the annexes. It is necessary to comply with legislation whether the radioactive waste is generated in the actual production of radionuclides or during their diagnostic and therapeutic applications. All production and application processes give rise to certain materials contaminated with radionuclide sources but without the possibility of their further use. These contaminated and unusable materials are called radioactive waste. Radioactive waste arising from operation of nuclear medicine is basically divided into solid, liquid and gaseous. Solid radioactive waste is collected in refrigerators and lead safe deposits, depending on whether the waste is infectious or not. Liquid waste goes through the process of dilution in most cases, when there is a decrease of the volume activity limits and subsequent discharge to sewer. Gaseous waste is a negligible component of radioactive waste produced at nuclear medicine departments, so it is not often dealt with in more detail. No matter what kind of waste, the process of its disposal has a common goal of reducing its activity below specified limits (clearance levels), so that the waste can be without greater risk moved or released and disposed of as other, non-radioactive waste.
|
|
|
The Scintigrafic detection of inflammation in patients examined in the Motol University Hospital since 2007 to 2009.
BRHEL, Jan
This bachelor?s thesis outlines an attempt to describe, to the professional public, the principles of imaging of inflammation in the human body using the methods of nuclear medicine. Two types of imaging of inflammation are described: scintigraphy of labeled leukocytes in vitro and scintigraphy of labeled leukocytes in vivo. The course of the examination, preparation and use of radiopharmaceuticals, indications, contraindications, imaging, etc. are described for both types of methods. The next section of thesis consists in comparsion and evaluation of the data obtained from the hospital system (UNIS), relating to the above tests in 2007 ? 2009 at the University Hospital in Motol employing European standards in nuclear medicine. The results are presented in the from of tables and graphs. The work was intended to confirm the hypothesis mentioned in the bachelor?s thesis and to create an overall idea of the quantities of these tests. Last but not least, it is useful to compare the competitiveness of nuclear medicine with other imaging methods, such as computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
|
|
|
Computation of extraction MAG3 in kidney with dynamic scintigraphy of kidney
ŽALOUDKOVÁ, Dita
Dynamic scintigraphy of kidney with the usage of a radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-MAG3 enables the setting of the plazmatic clearance by a non-sample method. The gained amount of extraction (ERPF) gives evidence of the cleaning ability of the kidney and the functional state of the tubular mass. The following is evaluated: the reproducibility of the results from a repeated measuring, the subjectivity of the measuring compared with another maker. There is also determined the interval of the physiological value. The data is studied in two interest groups ? adults and children. The practical part of this thesis was held in the České Budějovice hospital and the pictorial documentation of the interval 2010-2011 was used.
|
guest ::
