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Ionizing radiation as a topic of environmental education
VANĚČEK, Marcel
Ionizing radiation is a physical factor that has a significant effect on human health. An average person on Earth is irradiated at an average of 2.4 mSv per year. Most of this dose comes from natural sources, especially radon. High levels of radon are the second most common cause of lung cancer after smoking. At present there is an increase in exposure from medical sources which in some developed countries may equal to exposure from natural sources. Basic knowledge about sources of ionizing radiation, its effects and protection against it should be known to all high school students. The diploma thesis focuses on ionizing radiation from the perspective of high school teachers and students. It is divided into two main parts. In the first theoretical part the issue of ionizing radiation as a physical factor affecting human health is discussed. It describes the origin of ionizing radiation, basic concepts such as radioactivity and half-life, there are different types of radiation, individual sources, effects and protection against it. The second practical part is focused on examining the knowledge of high school students on this issue. The work tries to solve several goals. The first goal of the thesis is analysing the approach of high school teachers to information about the topic of ionizing radiation. The second goal is to verify the knowledge of high school students. The third goal is to evaluate whether high school students have a better knowledge of the topic of ionizing radiation than grammar school students. The fourth and last goal of the diploma thesis is to write a freely accessible material about the topic of ionizing radiation for high school teachers and students. This material will serve as an information source during the creation of the educational material for teachers teaching on the topic of ionizing radiation, but it can also be used by students while preparing seminar papers.
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The radiation exposure of the employers in Jachymov Spa
STRAKOVÁ, Eliška
Jáchymov radon spa, which is the subject of this bachelor thesis, uses, besides classic spa methods and balneological procedures, the radon water treatment. The main goal of this thesis is to get familiarised with the spa and empirically evaluate radiation exposure of spa employees. In the theoretical part, I define (theoretical basis) basic concepts, on which the problematics of this thesis is based. In another part I deal with the history of the spa complex, origin of therapeutic sources and their utilization. Also, as a part of this thesis, I mention illnesses, indicated for this type of treatment and clarify principles and effects on the basis of documentable research from literary sources. Because the thesis is focused on radiation exposure, in other chapters I deal with radiation protection and monitoring of doses (of radiation) of staff present in the spa. Practical part is focused on empirical quantitative research, aiming at statistical processing of data for development monitoring. The main idea is to process radiation exposure of employees in the timeframe of 26 years, between years 1991 - 2016. Furthermore to evaluate the development with closing general comparison of the processed results between spas, utilising radon water treatment and employees of uranium mines. Statistical processing shows that development of received doses is periodically fluctuating. The average value of effective dose was found to be 2,39 mSv in all employees with the highest possible received dose of 10,23 mSv per year. In case of equivalent dose to the skin was the average value 1,70 mSv per year. Despite the dose values being fairly high, it can not be said that radon spa employees exceed limits of radiation protection.
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Radiation load patients during lung skiagraphy
NOVÁKOVÁ, Andrea
The topic of my thesis was to evaluate radiation doses to patients with lung skigrafii. The impetus for the treatment of this topic was that even though the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (Věštník MZ ČR 9/2011) recommends the use of classic hard skigrafii lung imaging technique, a number of radiodiagnostic workplaces still uses the technique of low voltage, although the patient is exposed to a higher dose. Skigrafie lung examination is among the low-dose exposure, but it is the most commonly performed tests. Since the risks of radiation from various sources of radiation during their lives constantly in the body are added, it is necessary to try to make at least a medical exposures are minimized as much as possible. In the theoretical part I tried to arrange the all important information on x-rays, skiagrafii, lung anatomy, imaging techniques, radiation protection and legislative framework that deals radiodiagnostika. Department of Radiology in the Czech Republic have at their disposal guidelines and recommendations for proper X-ray examinations, called. National Radiological standards that ensure optimum image quality while minimizing the radiation dose for the patient. For physicians who indicate radiodiagnostic examinations is crucial document "Indication criteria for imaging", which sets criteria so that all examinations imaging methods were duly substantiated, and their indications regulated. Practical work is focused on comparing the radiation burden of two imaging techniques for the examination of the lungs, namely imaging technique compared with low (ie. Soft) and high (ie. Hard) exposure voltage. The main part is based on the processing of results and input values falling surface kerma, which were measured for X-ray work by a water phantom ionization chamber using two exposure techniques. Based oriented values and using tabulated values I calculated the dose for each imaging technique. The effective dose for soft imaging technique was almost three times higher than the technique hard. Also interesting is the result of secondary radiation, the soft technique is almost five times exceeds the emerging secondary radiation hard imaging technique. Another important part of this work was to compare the effective doses for the two groups of selected patients with radiographic examination of the lungs, were divided according to the used imaging technique. The first group of patients who were imaged in the first quarter of 2014 equipment with voltage 125kV, in the second group were patients from the first quarter of 2011 the average radiography exposure voltage 57.2 kV. From both groups were selected only patients with a weight of 60-80 kg, which approximates the patient's usual layout, with whom works legislation Ministry of Health. The effective dose for hard imaging technique for the examination is 0.0085 mSv, for a soft technique is effective dose equal to 0.0304 mSv. It follows that the effective dose for hard skigrafické imaging technique for examination of the lungs during soft imaging technique is 3.5 times higher than in the technique hard. In terms of radiation protection is also interesting, as shown in the calculation of benefits program PCXMC that the dose to the gonads when skigrafické examination of the lungs almost zero, therefore the use of protective equipment in the genitals during the examination pointless and rather plays a psychological role. The aim of this thesis was to demonstrate that the advised the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic on the transition from soft to hard imaging technique technique is justified. On the basis of unmeasured values and progressive processing of results I could confirm my hypothesis: Using hard imaging technique at skigrafii lungs is reduced patient radiation dose.
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BMI (body mass index) patient, factors influencing the radiation protection of staff in radiology
MICHEL, Tomáš
Bachelor thesis deals with personnel radiation exposure in interventional procedures in patients with different BMI. Therefore we have decided to clarify the hypothesis to what extent the impact of BMI on patient radiation exposure of personnel. The thesis is divided into 2 parts: In the theoretical part of the thesis deals with the hitherto known in the field of radiation protection in workplaces with ionizing radiation. The information obtained from the State Office for Nuclear Safety and National Radiation Protection Institute we detail the current methods of protection against ionizing radiation, radiation protection, which is based on three basic principles defined by international institutions and the legal system in all developed countries: 1. The justification of exposure 2. Optimization of protection 3. Establishment of exposure In the second part of the thesis devoted to a particular hypothesis of proof. Hypothesis is that the BMI of the patient greatly affects the radiation exposure of personnel for interventional procedures. Statistical analysis the thesis consists of two parts. The first part is a set of patients after PTA pelvic arteries and the second part is a set of patients after biliary drainage. To calculate the statistical dependence, we chose a simple linear correlation (Pearson r), resulting will be a regression line. The base set includes about 100 patients, after examining and identifying the data needed to calculate the radiation dependence, we had about half of the patients discarded for the following reasons: - We were unable to verify information in the database RO. - We were unable to verify the values for BMI. - Patients who were treated in 2006, we scrapped because they were treated to another type of angiographic device that worked in very different dose rates. - PTA in pelvic arteries undergoing different type of exercise intervention, for example: diagnosis of aortic arch, carotid arteries and examination of the lower extremities. The most serious limits of the study, however, include the use of different protective shield in each case, which brings to the measurements and calculations greatest uncertainty. It shows especially when comparing sets DZC sets and PTA, in terms of the relationship BMI and dose of physician. The DZC is used for practical reasons, only a limited, would have bothered himself transferred power. The PTA is quite the contrary, investigating may preferably between himself and the radiation field to insert shield in the form of protective Plexiglas absorbance, which is part of angiographic complete. Above all this, we explain why statistical significance BMI and dose of physician for DZC is traceable, while at the PTA it is not. From a statistical perspective, the relationship of BMI and dose impacting on patient at DZC relatively very tight at the PTA was a little less tight. This fact can be explained by the fact that the measurement data is not affected so many uncertain variables such as dose measurements in the apron. The correction of different difficulty of performance was used dividing the total fluoroscopic doses with a total time of fluoroscopy. The expression of experts on radiation protection initially resulted transferred to study with skepticism. Surprise, but was relatively strong statistical dependence in relation BMI and dose of both entities in DZC. In terms of number of patients and the homogeneity of each group is more of a pilot study. Group of patients with DZC need of the above reasons, considered more representative than the group of patients with PTA. From the findings we can confirm the existence of a correlation between the dose and the patient's constitution and staff performing interventional radiology procedures. These established facts may be relevant to the protection of personnel and should be taken into account in the design of radiological measures.
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The specifics of pediatric radiology
KOLÁŘOVÁ, Veronika
Hardly anything is able to induce stronger emotions in the average man than those induced by matters relating to children. Paediatric patients are not little adults, so not only high-quality modern instrumentation and specific procedures, but also the medical staff?s professional attitude and an adapted environment are desirable when applying radiologic diagnostic imaging techniques. The priority requirement is generally to minimize the radiation burden ? both the overall dose and especially the gonadal dose. In terms of radiation protection, it applies twice to children that the indication for the use of an examination must always be thoroughly considered. A paediatric radiologist must always accurately determine the correct sequence of individual methods (a so-called examination algorithm) that will give the best diagnostic result with the lowest radiation burden and invasiveness. The aim of this bachelor?s thesis was to analyze the difference in a radiology assistant?s approach to a child and to an adult during radiology examinations and to determine whether a child and his/her legal guardian, if any, have sufficient information when the child undergoes radiology examinations. To clear up the aims of the bachelor?s thesis, research using a technique in which two questionnaires were used was used to collect data. The questionnaires were in both the printed form and the electronic form. The surveys took place in selected radiology departments in Strakonice, in Pisek, in Plzeň, and in Ústí nad Labem. The respondents chose from the answer options for some questions and filled in their answers for the others. The respondents? answers are represented using graphs in the ?Results? chapter. The individual graphs are described there and the most interesting answers to questionnaire questions are supplemented by general thoughts and my personal assumptions and opinions in the following ?Discussion? chapter. The practical part of the bachelor?s thesis proves that the aim of the thesis was achieved. The research questions were answered. The surveys found that the answer to the first research question, i.e. whether radiography assistants take a different approach to a child and to an adult when applying radiological imaging methods, was ?yes?. Radiography assistants take a different approach to a child and to an adult. The answer to the second research question, i.e. whether a child and his or her legal guardian, if any, have sufficient information on radiological examinations, is also positive. A child and his or her legal guardian, if any, have sufficient information on radiological examinations. I have summarised the results of my work in the ?Conclusion? chapter. Further, the surveys found that persons accompanying a child perceive the environment of radiology departments as a friendly, safe and comfortable environment. The only lack of accompanying persons? awareness that could be perceived negatively from the results of the questionnaires within this bachelor?s thesis is the finding that the lay public is not clear about the amount of radiation received during certain radiological examinations (CTs and X-ray examinations) and that the possibility of buying the record of a radiological examination on a CD is not generally known. There is room for active radiology workers who are interested in raising public awareness about radiology examinations. This bachelor?s thesis proved that also lay persons accompanying children are interested in being a part of the team, trying to achieve a beneficial result of the examination. The purpose of the bachelor?s thesis was to prepare a comprehensive text on issues of specifics in paediatric radiology that can be used as supplementary material when examining children.
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Radiographers role in biliary interventions.
MINÁŘOVÁ, Olga
Radiological assistance during non-vascular interventions on the biliary tract. The presented Bachelor's thesis includes information from the practical course in an interventional facility of the Department of Imaging Techniques, Motol University Hospital, while assisting during PTC and PTD procedures. In the Czech Republic, these procedures are most frequently performed in patients with inoperable malignant stenosis of the biliary tract where the method of first choice, the endoscopic approach (ERCP), is not possible. I would like to emphasise the importance of knowledge and use of the state-of-the-art materials and technologies that facilitate our work and ensure a non-complicated course of examination for the patient. By comparing the radiation burden in assisted and non-assisted procedures, I would like to demonstrate that the overall final effective dose during assisted procedures is lower than during the procedures performed by the surgeon alone. Data obtained from two groups of thirty patients with an identical diagnosis, who received treatment with or without assistance, was statistically compared and plotted in a graph. In the selected sample of sixty patients in whom this procedure was indicated, I used the parameters obtained to perform a final calculation of the effective dose. The results confirmed the hypothesis that the assisted procedures require less time than the unassisted procedures, and that the effective doses are lower and not dependent on the BMI value. We should also take into account the factors that might influence the overall course of the examination, such as for example the patient?s overall health and his/her diagnosis. The length of the procedure depends on the experience, length of practice and skills of the radiologist. The radiology assistant, as a practicing specialist, plays an important role in the entire interventional team. PTC/PTD is a method which has a low burden for the patients, a low occurrence of complications, and is life-saving in some cases. The possibility of reducing the burden on the patient and the personnel can be achieved by having a sufficient number of qualified staff at the interventional radiology facilities. The symbiosis of the entire examination team is a guarantee that the procedures will be performed in the best possible way and in the shortest possible time, with a low radiation burden for the patient.
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