|
|
Perception of radiation burden and of examination in patients undergoing computed tomography.
Lambertová, Alena ; Harsa, Pavel (advisor) ; Ptáček, Radek (referee) ; Křivánek, Jiří (referee)
Purpose: The aim of the first part of this work was to evaluate the trend of the number of head CT examinations in patients with minor head injury in emergency service and to find out whether it has objective causes. The aim of the second part was to assess patients' knowledge regarding the CT examination, its risks, the source of their information and to evaluate the effect of providing information about the CT examination in a printed form. Method: In the first part of the work, we extracted data from the radiological module of the hospital information system. We searched for head CT scans in patients with minor head injury and their input characteristics and findings on CT. Further data were obtained from the hospital, the Institute of Health Information and Statistics and the Czech Statistical Office. Trends of regression curves were compared by F-test, correlation of trends was expressed using Spearman's coefficient. The second part of the work was based on a questionnaire for patients scheduled for CT scan of the body. The questionnaire included demographic data as well as items assessing patients' awareness of the risks of radiation exposure, intravenous contrast media, their sources of information and their fear of the examination. On the second page, Zung's Anxiety Scale was printed. On...
|
|
|
The use of ionizing radiation in archeology
HORÁKOVÁ, Sandra
The methods using ionizing radiation for studying the archaeological artefacts have found an important place in the archaeology. The archaeologists using the ionising radiation are receiving far more comprehensive view into the past. The main area of this identification is the age of the objects, proving their authenticity and the composition analyses to determine the object origin. There is number of different methods, but for the archaeology only those methods that do not impair the subject investigated are taken into the account. This is a fundamental limiting factor for this area, as far as the monuments create an irreplaceable cultural heritage. There are number of modern methods in this area. However, not all of them are suitable for a certain material. Every method is usually suited for a narrow range of dedicated elements and limited range of ages only. This work is focused on the methods using ionizing radiation, which are the mostly used and typical for this field. Thus, the question is, whether there are any significant risks for the archaeological research in terms of the radiation protection. In order to clarify this issue, this material describes various methods and presents the results of practical measurements for the roentgen-fluorescent method. This method was selected due to its frequent usability by the archaeologists, and because the mobile analyser can be used in the field. The theoretical part of this report is focused on the basic knowledge about ionizing radiation, which is important for the understanding the issue. This is about the basic terms, such as radioactivity, ionizing radiation and its kinds, and radiation protection. In the context of radiation protection, the deterministic and stochastic effects of the ionizing radiation are outlined. The basic methods of protection against ionizing radiation and the biological effects of radiation on a human body are also described. Also the limits, embodied in the principles of radiation protection, are described. For the comprehensive overview, the radiation burden of the population is briefly described in the theoretical part of this material. The next part of this bachelor degree report is the methodology of the research, i.e., summarizes the overview of the selected methods, in which the ionizing radiation is used. Seven methods that are most commonly used and are typical for the archaeology are described. Practical measurement of the bachelor degree report presents the results of the roentgen-fluorescent analysis. Archaeological Institute of the University of South Bohemia use this method and specifically the mobile analyser Thermo Scientific NITON XL2 GOLDD. It is being used for a quantitative analysis of the samples with the primary source of low power mini roentgen tube 45 kV/W with silver anode. For the dose rate measurement from the NITON XL2 GOLDD meter, the FH-40-10 dose rate meter was used, borrowed from the nuclear power plant Temelin. Its range is 10 nSv/h - 1 Sv/h. Several items were selected for the measurement, such as the bronze sword, steel weight with the diameter of 4 cm and silver coin with the diameter of 1 cm. The measurement was accomplished after a contact application of the mobile analyser on the investigated subject, for the analysis of its composition. At the same time the dose input was measured by the FH-40-10 meter over the measured subject.
|
|
|
Renal colic - Intravenous excretory urography versus Native examination of uropoetic´s system on spiral CT
CHALUPOVÁ, Dana
Renal colic - intravenous excretion urography versus native examination of the uropoietic system using a spiral CT scan This thesis presents a comparison of two imaging techniques that are most frequently indicated for diagnosis of renal colic. These are intravenous excretion urography and native examination of the abdomen and pelvis using a spiral CT scan. By comparing the following aspects, I would like to contribute to the complete elimination of the indication of intravenous excretion urography and replace it with spiral CT scanning. The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate that native examination of the abdomen and pelvis using a spiral CT scan is more beneficial and more suitable both for the diagnosis and for the patient. Within the thesis, I also compare the aspects of radiation burden, time and financial requirements and last but not least the overall burden on the patient over the course of the examination. The comparison was performed by calculating a typical effective dose in a sample of fifty patients examined by intravenous excretion urography and fifty patients examined by spiral CT scan. The results are shown in graph format. These results did not confirm the hypothesis that the radiation burden is lower in spiral CT scanning. The doses determined in my thesis are up to three times higher in the CT scan. In financial terms, both imaging techniques have been evaluated as almost comparable and the price of the examination should not influence selection of the method. Spiral CT scanning is much more beneficial when comparing the time needed for performance of the two techniques. The results pertaining to the radiation burden for patients during spiral CT scanning suggest how important the radiology assistant?s ability is in influencing the size of the effective dose by the proper selection and inspection of the exposure parameters when selecting the examination protocol. This statement is further strengthened when comparing the results of this work with those of foreign studies, where the radiation burden on patients examined by spiral CT scanning was one to four times lower than my results of effective doses. The effective doses obtained were close to the effective doses determined during intravenous excretion urography. The objective of this Bachelor's thesis is to outline the possibilities for reducing the radiation burden on patients examined by spiral CT scan.
|
guest ::
