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Tax competition: strategic tax rate lowering and expected impact of US 2017 reform on other countries
Hamráková, Júlia ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Hájek, Jan (referee)
This thesis deals with an international corporate income tax competition with focus on corporate income tax rate spillovers from the past tax cuts in the USA. The main research question we seek the answer to is: "Do countries follow the USA in the corporate income tax rate setting?" Empirical models were evalu- ated using GMM model for the panel data. Our results confirm the existence of the tax rate spillovers, however, do not prove solid leadership of the USA in the tax rate setting. We found that countries which are geographically closer to the USA and OECD jurisdictions are more likely to follow the USA in the tax rate policy changes. Our research is unique extension to the previous literature dealing with this topic as it uses not only the weighted world corporate income tax rate in the model, but also the corporate income tax rate of the USA and therefore allows us to see the effect of the past tax cuts in the USA for other countries. The results of our work can serve as a lead for examining the impact of the US tax rate cut in 2017. JEL Classification F12, F21, F23, H25 Keywords tax competition, corporate income tax rate, tax spillovers, profit shifting Title Tax competition: strategic tax rate lowering and expected impact of US 2017 reform on other countries Author's e-mail...
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The Scale of Corporate Profit Shifting out of the United States
Stárek, Martin ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Vacek, Pavel (referee)
There is a large body of literature indicating that profits are shifted into countries with better conditions, i.e. lower tax rates. It was showed that the problem is nonlinear. However, precise estimates are missing in the available literature. In this thesis we improved the precision by allowing for nonlinearity, time-variant tax semi-elasticity of profits and financial secrecy is a driver of the profit shifting. We showed that all three elements of the estimation are very important. Our analysis suggests that the profit shifting problem started at the turn of millennium and increases since, with some temporal drops. The highest amount of profit shifted out of the United States was almost 300 billion of U.S. dollars with the consequent revenue loss of 62.3 billion of U.S. dolars.
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Base erosion and profit shifting by multinational firms: re-estimation of firm-level evidence
Petrouš, Michal ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Horváth, Roman (referee)
iv Abstract The thesis focuses on base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) and resulting corporate income tax gains or losses. I first estimated profit shifting semi-elasticity using database of firm-level financial data. Subsequently I used these estimates to calculate corporate income tax gains or losses for individual countries. I estimate several models to see how much the semi-elasticity depends on specification and what affects it. The evidence suggests that companies do shift profits to countries with lower tax rate. The estimated overall profit shifting semi-elasticity ranges from 1.524 to 3.695 for different specifications of the benchmark model. Semi-elasticity of individual countries increases with financial secrecy score. Using statutory tax rate yields stronger results than using country-level effective tax rates calculated from the financial data. The estimated effect on government revenue ranges from 12% loss to 23% gain of corporate income tax revenues. In the sample of 53 countries with sufficient number of observations this translates to overall loss 48 billion US dollars. JEL Classification F23, F68, G38, H25, H26, H87 Keywords base erosion, profit shifting, corporate income tax, financial secrecy Author's e-mail michal.petrous@gmail.com Supervisor's e-mail jansky@fsv.cuni.cz
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Effective Tax Rates and Profit Shifting Around the World
Kraváček, Jan ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Mareš, Jan (referee)
This thesis aims to analyze the scope of profit shifting by U.S. multinational corporations using effective tax rates as a metric. Alternatively, unlike other academic literature on the subject, this work complements the analysis by utilizing also statutory coporate tax rate. The main contribution of the thesis is an econometric analysis of the most recent data provided by Bur- eau of Economic Analysis. It is shown that the scope of profit shifting is rising with gross income sensitivity to effective tax rates clearly increasing in the time span from 1983 till 2015. According to the panel data from this time span, one percentage point increase in effective tax rate would decrease the reported gross income in a low tax jurisdiction by 2.4 percent. Interestingly, an analogous analysis using statutory tax rates does not yield any statistically significant effect. Moreover, results show that the richer the country is, the lower its effective tax rate and the higher its statutory rate. These results indicate that the two metrics can have different implications. Furthermore, if some version of profit apportionment formula was applied on the profit of U.S. multinationals, a significant profit redistribution would take place. Gross income would oftentimes be attributed to developing coun- tries with a large share of...
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Misalignment of Profits and Economic Activity by Multinational Enterprises
Cimpová, Dominika ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Palanský, Miroslav (referee)
This thesis analyses the profit shifting behaviour of U.S. multinational companies using panel data set over the period 1983 - 2015. The main objective of the thesis is to com- pute the extent of misalignment between reported profit and real economic activity and consequential revenue losses caused by profit shifting and to estimate the effect of tax rates on profit shifting behaviour. Using country-level aggregated data published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis I found a substantially increasing trend in the misaligned profit reaching 540 bn US$ in 2015 which is accompanied with tax revenue losses 190 bn US$ in missing profit countries. Majority of the misaligned profit is reported in a small number of jurisdictions with near zero tax rates such as Netherlands, Ireland and Luxem- bourg. Additionally, I found a significant negative effect of tax rate on misalignment in the recent years, however, only negligible effect at the beginning of the examined period. Results suggest that 1% increase in the statutory tax rate can cause 2.5% growth in the magnitude of misalignment. My findings are consistent with the existing literature. Ac- cording to the analysis it can be concluded that despite numerous attempts for prevention of profit shifting, it is becoming more serious problem than ever before.
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Determinants of the Demand for Tax Haven Operations: Empirical Evidence from the Czech Republic
Burianová, Markéta ; Janský, Petr (advisor) ; Švarcová, Natálie (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to explore the firm-specific determinants of the demand for tax haven operations by Czech firms. Our objective is to better understand the firms' incentives for tax haven use, and furthermore whether there exists cross-haven heterogeneity in those incentives. The thesis examines the firms' tax haven investment behaviour by analysing firm-level data for 15,530 Czech firms for year 2013. To the extent of our knowledge, this has been the first research of its kind devoted to Czech firms. The evidence suggests that larger, more profitable firms with larger international presence are most likely to use tax havens. The analysis also indicates that higher firm indebtedness is associated with greater likelihood of establishing tax haven operations. This would suggest Czech firms engage in profit shifting through the use of debt financing. Furthermore, service firms were found to be more likely to use tax havens than manufacturing firms. This contrasts with previous research where R&D intensity was a leading indicator of tax haven use. Additionally, we found significant cross-haven heterogeneity in the determinants, particularly in the sector-specific characteristics. In our sample, service firms favoured Cyprus and the Netherlands, while manufacturing firms preferred Luxembourg...
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The impact of tax haven existence to the taxpayer´s tax liability and to Czech economy
Pauknerová, Kristina ; Finardi, Savina (advisor) ; Bušovský, Ladislav (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to provide a description of the phenomenon of tax havens in relation to the Czech Republic. The thesis begins with description of theoretical background of this topic including the description of main sectors used for international tax optimalization. Among the areas of the optimization methods, which are described in this thesis, belongs dividends, royalty payments, interest income. The thesis presents an impact of tax haven existence to Czech economy. The impact on public budget is shown and counted on the model example of fictive international company. As a reaction of losses caused by profit shifting to more favourable jurisdictions international organizations are coming up with initiatives to reduce the possibilities of tax planning. The thesis is concluded with an overview which Czech republic should accept to reduce profit shifting to other jurisdictions.
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