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Zhodnocení výskytu a růstu jmelí bílého (Viscum album) na vybrané lokalitě
Halfar, Jan
European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) is an evergreen semi-parasitic plant, with a wide host range of both deciduous and coniferous trees. As a native species, this plant is widespread throughout Europe. The first part of this paper is aimed as a literature review, which includes a description of European mistletoe, a general description of its occurrence and its effect on host woody plants. The second part focuses on a survey of a selected area between the villages of Bělá and Chuchelná (Opava district), where the degree of infestation of individual trees, the species of infested trees and their age are assessed. At the same time, the number of mistletoe plants, their distribution in the crown, and in the oldest mistletoe specimens their age and haustorium length were determined at three sites in the forest area belonging to the Lesy města Brno a.s. In this work it was found that mistletoe occurred mainly on Scots pine at site 1, but was also found on silver fir and small-leaved linden. At site 1, mistletoe began to invade pine after the age of 30. Mistletoe in young stands grew mainly on trees with the greatest high growth and in the upper part of the crown. On the basis of these results, I recommend to concentrate the management of mistletoe-infested forest stands on tree age above 30 years during planned thinning and to actively remove infested individuals from the stand. Changing the species composition of forest stands in favour of mistletoe-resistant species is also one of the ways to prevent the spread of mistletoe in threatened areas. At site 2, the age of the largest mistletoe shrubs ranged from 9 to 18 years. The longest measured haustorium was 18 cm in length and was measured on mistletoe at 17 years of age. From the measurement results, a relationship between mistletoe age and haustorium length was found. Knowing the haustorium length is important in the context of tree protection when performing branch pruning. Therefore, based on the results of this work, I recommend removing infested branches at a minimum distance of 30 cm from the mistletoe shrub, especially for older mistletoes.
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Strukturně funkční charakteristika průduchů jmelí bílého (Viscum album L.) a jeho hostitele lípy (Tilia sp.)
Bělíček, Dominik
This thesis deals with a comparison of the morphology of the stomata of the hemiparasite European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) and its host lime tree (Tilia sp.) in the context of physiological parameters such as water potential, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis, in order to understand the relationship between the two species. The research was carried out at the Ústřední hřbitov in Brno. Here, 10 infested and 10 uninfested lime trees were selected. During the summer of 2022, varnish impressions were taken from the leaves of lime and mistletoe trees and then all physiological parameters were measured. It was found that mistletoe infestation had almost no significant effect on both the morphology and physiology of lime tree leaves. Furthermore, it was shown that mistletoe has more smaller stomata than linden. It has been shown that although mistletoe has a higher stomatal conductance, the photosynthetic rate is the same for both species, thus the water use efficiency of mistletoe is much lower. It was confirmed that mistletoe, as a hemiparasite, has a much lower water potential than the host. Although this information helps to understand this interrelationship, it also results in further uncertainties worth to investigate in future.
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Posouzení dynamiky růstu a šíření jmelí bílého (Viscum album) na vybrané lokalitě
Horký, Jan
This thesis deals with growth dynamics and spread of white mistletoe (Viscum album) in the so-called „Fisherman's Alley“ in Přerov in 2021 and 2022. The research maps the degree of mistletoe infestation and basic characteristics of trees and examines their relationships. It also observes the relationship between mistletoe growth and climatic variables and maps the methods of mistletoe removal in the Czech Republic. In the observed period, the mistletoe infestation intensity increased in 22% of trees. The height and circumference of the tree affect the degree of infestation, the effect of age and health of the tree was less significant. The work showed a slight correlation between minimum temperatures in the first quarter of the year and mistletoe growth. The public administration is mainly involved in the removal of mistletoe in the Moravian-Silesian and Zlín regions, where pruning or felling trees are the most common methods. Chemical treatment usage is beginning to be used step-by-step.
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Rozšíření jmelí bílého (Viscum album L.) na dřevinách v Podzámecké zahradě v Kroměříži
Vládek, Aleš
The bachelor's thesis discusses the bionomics, distribution, spectrum of hosts and methods of defense against Viscum album L., which has recently spread expansively, has many hosts on which it has an adverse effect. Therefore, in the winters of 2021/2022 and 2022/2023, the incidence of mistletoe on woody plants was evaluated in the Chateau Garden in Kroměříž with the aim of evaluating the intensity of the attack, verifying the spectrum of hosts and proposing a suitable method of treating woody plants. 1,993 trees and 779 shrubs were assessed in the selected part of the Chateau Garden. The genera Tilia, Robinia, Acer and Juglans were the most attacked. New host species have also been confirmed. The detected occurrence was not fatal for the Chateau Garden. Tree treatment was divided according to urgency with the number of trees and treatment methods.
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Schopnost kokrhele menšího (Rhinanthus minor L.) parazitovat na vybraných druzích trav a snížit produkci jejich nadzemní biomasy
Křeček, Tomáš
In past, yelow rattle (Rhinanthus minor) was considered as a weed in grasslands due to grass yields reduction and rapid loss of its forage quality. But today it is valued for its ability to reduce the competitiveness of aggressive species of grasses, allowing restoration of species-rich grasslands. In dry and warm conditions in southern Moravia there was tested the suitability of different grasses to serve as host of Rhinanthus minor. The impact of irrigation was also assessed in drought conditions during spring growth on the production of aboveground biomass hemiparasitic plants and their hosts. The last part of the experiment was a test hydrophobicity and infiltration capacity of soils. Field experiment was established in Žabčice experimental station of Mendel University in Brno. To determine the ability of Rhinanthus minor to parasite on various grasses red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue were chosen. Irrigation significantly increased the number of plants and biomass of Rhinanthus. The largest nu-mber of plants and the highest biomass of Rhinanthus minor was found on irrigated plots with tall fescue. On the other hand, the smallest number of plants and the biomass were on the plots with red fescue. These differences are probably related to the ability of the host plant to cope with adverse environmental conditions. The experiment results in finding that red fescue is not a suitable host for Rhi-nanthus minor in dry and warm conditions in southern Moravia. On the contrary, it se-ems that the perfect hosts are deeply rooted tall fescue and clonal (rhizomatous) smooth stalked meadow grass.
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Návrh systému ochrany listnatých dřevin proti jmelí Viscum album v parku Čechy pod Kosířem
Bábek, Jan
The white mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. album) currently belongs to semi-parasites causing great problems in many locations in the Czech Republic. Its spreading is more intense and the attack of trees becomes a problem not only in the open landscape but also in the public greenery of towns, villages and parks and gardens. This work is aimed at mapping infested tree species in the chateau park in Čechy pod Kosířem, determining the sensitivity of individual taxon to attack and suggesting suitable ways of suppressing white mistletoe in the locality and establishing methodological interventions. The mechanical and chemical methods of mistletoe removal have been tested; methods have been proposed for progressing against mistletoe. Tilia and Acer are the most vulnerable species. The results determined that gentle removal of mistletoe by cutting and choosing dormancy for this intervention is a good way to suppress white mistletoe in the park. The chemical removal method is still in the research phase but the results so far show its usability and efficacy with respect to the appropriate application time. Both of these methods are suitable for the Control and prevention of mistletoe Viscum album on the broadleaved trees in the chateau park in Čechy pod Kosířem.
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Výskyt jmelí bílého (Viscum album) ve Frýdku-Místku
Kovalčík, Lukáš
The literary research which includes description of European mistletoe (Viscum album) was written according to available literature. It engages in botanical characteristics, morphological signs and physiology of mistletoe. There are also described the ways of dissemination of mistletoe, sorting of woody plants by their resistance to this hemiparasite. The next part of the thesis summarizes the damage caused by mistletoe, possible protection, and types of treatment of affected trees. Three localities in the city of Frýdek-Místek where woody plants, which are heavily affected by European mistletoe, occur were chosen for practical evaluation. There are these woody plants species present: Canadian popler (Populus x canadensis), small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata) and rowen (Sorbus aucuparia). During the research, the oldest mistletoe specimen was detected to be 20 years old. Differences between achievable ages of a hemiparasite and a host plant can be the cause, why affection by mistletoe leads to death of a host plant. The lowest age when mistletoe starts to affect woody plants is species specific and is between 11 and 30 years. Knowledge of this lowest age is important for determination of the time to start monitoring these trees.
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Schopnost kokrhele menšího (Rhinanthus minor L.) parazitovat na vybraných druzích trav a snížit produkci jejich nadzemní biomasy
Křeček, Tomáš
In past, yelow rattle (Rhinanthus minor) was considered as a weed in grasslands due to grass yields reduction and rapid loss of its forage quality. But today it is valued for its ability to reduce the competitiveness of aggressive species of grasses, allowing restoration of species-rich grasslands. In dry and warm conditions in southern Moravia there was tested the suitability of different grasses to serve as host of Rhinanthus minor. The impact of irrigation was also assessed in drought conditions during spring growth on the production of aboveground biomass hemiparasitic plants and their hosts. The last part of the experiment was a test hydrophobicity and infiltration capacity of soils. Field experiment was established in Žabčice experimental station of Mendel University in Brno. To determine the ability of Rhinanthus minor to parasite on various grasses red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue were chosen. Irrigation significantly increased the number of plants and biomass of Rhinanthus. The largest nu-mber of plants and the highest biomass of Rhinanthus minor was found on irrigated plots with tall fescue. On the other hand, the smallest number of plants and the biomass were on the plots with red fescue. These differences are probably related to the ability of the host plant to cope with adverse environmental conditions. The experiment results in finding that red fescue is not a suitable host for Rhi-nanthus minor in dry and warm conditions in southern Moravia. On the contrary, it se-ems that the perfect hosts are deeply rooted tall fescue and clonal (rhizomatous) smooth stalked meadow grass.
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