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Shared mechanisms of development of vertebrate body appendages
Vintr, Jan ; Soukup, Vladimír (advisor) ; Krylov, Vladimír (referee)
Vertebrate body appendages include a number of structures such as limbs, paired and median fins, the tail bud, the cloacal region, barbels or pharyngeal arch derivatives. Despite differences in form and function, these appendages share a number of developmental genetic mechanisms. Development of these structures is chiefly regulated by Fgf, Shh, Wnt, Tgf-β and retinoic acid signalling pathways, activity of transcription factors such as Hox or Tbx along with cis-regulatory elements controlling the genes in which these factors are encoded. A recurring feature shared by some of the herein discussed anatomical structures is a transient epithelial ridge whose activity influences production and proliferation of the adjacent mesenchyme. Some are also instructed by a signalling centre, which confers asymmetry to the structure. In this text, the various appendages are compared on the basis of their development in relation to tetrapod limbs and theories evaluating the emergence of vertebrate paired appendages. The fin fold theory and archipterygial theory are discussed in the light of recent data provided by evolutionary developmental biology. All together, this thesis evaluates shared and derived characteristics of vertebrate body appendages with the aim to provide a basis for the upcoming work on the role...
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Involvement of muscle groups during specific ways of movement beneath the water scurface
Matoušek, Radek ; Vondrášek, David (advisor) ; Bažant, Filip (referee)
Title: Involvement of muscle groups during specific ways of movement beneath the water surface Objectives:. The aim of the thesis is to find that selected muscle groups or leg muscles most involved in locomotion at specific ways to move the scuba diver under the water surface and also to compare the percentage of one intermeshing cycle are active muscles being measured, and what percentage of their involvement they vary from specific movements during the water surface. Method: The research was conducted by monitoring surface EMG measurements. The research group consists of five experienced scuba divers. Results are interpreted using tables and bar graphs using the functions in Excel. Results: The results show that most wiring muscles in modified breaststroke kick are rectus femoris (proband 1, 2), m. biceps femoris (proband 2, 4) and gluteus maximus (proband 3, 5). When freestyle kick It is vastus lateralis (proband 3, 4, 5). In Table 4, can be traced, the percentage of one intermeshing cycle will involve more muscles, and whether it was in freestyle kick and modified breaststroke kick. It is here to find some interindividual tendency as in Table 5 and Table 6, which show the percentage when the muscle enters into engagement cycle and terminating its activity in meshing cycle. Keywords: water,...
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