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Vliv různých způsobů zpracování půdy na její zhutnění
Chlaň, Filip
The bachelor thesis investigates soil compaction and changes in soil physical properties in different tillage systems. The experiments were based on heavy soil in a potato production area. Three tillage methods were used, the first was ploughing, then shallow tillage and chiselling. For each variant, Kopecky physical cylinders were taken and the penetrometric resistance of the soil was measured on two dates, after tillage and after spring barley harvest. From the Kopecky physical rolls, the reduced bulk density, porosity, minimum air capacity and soil moisture content were determined. Soil resistivity in the soil profile was determined with a penetrometer. Spring barley was then sown in the experiments and its yield was measured to assess the effect of tillage and possible compaction on this parameter. The results show a positive effect of minimization technologies on compaction resistance, whereas tillage was more prone to compaction according to the results. In the first term of measurement, better values of physical properties were recorded for ploughing, but in the second term, ploughing deteriorated. The minimization technologies showed similar values in the first and second measurement. However, the results showed that neither variant showed significant soil compaction with deterioration of soil properties. Similarly, the yield was not different between the variants.
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Porovnání utužení půdy na zemědělském pozemku v závislosti na použité technologii jejího zpracování
MACH, Václav
The diploma thesis deals with the issue of soil degradation by compaction and with the influence of different method of cultivation on pedocompaction. It describes the problem of soil compaction, origin of this degradation, its impacts and whether it is possible to prevent the compaction or eliminate it afterwards. It also deals with description of measuring device which is able to find out the figures of penetrometric resistance of soil and its moistness. The thesis also closely describes individual work operations that have been done on the land. The tillage is analysed in detail because it is the system of cultivation that can highly influence the compaction. The most commonly used systems of soil cultivation are mentioned with their advantages and disadvantages. The experiment in the diploma thesis deals with the influence of soil compaction using different technology in its process. The field experiment took place on a trial field that was divided into two parts in terms of tillage. The first part was used for ploughing within three years and on the other ploughing was replaced by loosening. After collecting necessary data their evaluation took place. The figures of penetrometric resistance and soil moisture are summarized in tables and plotted in graphs for better interpretation.
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Influence of technology of basic soil processing on chosen specifications in the process of growing flint maize (Zea mays L.)
ŠIMEK, Roman
The diploma thesis is divided in two elementary parts. Current state and factors influencing soil fertility and its degradation are described in the literary part. An experiment, focused on comparison of two systems of starting the cover considering the period (spring, autumn) of realization of basic soil processing, is described in the practical part based on the methods. The influence of used technology of soil processing on its compaction was evaluated based on gauging the penetrometric resistance and on the evaluation of taken unimpaired soil samples. The values from the penetrometric gauging show that higher values were recorded at autumn dung ploughing in, compared to spring period. Higher values of the penetrometric resistance were gauged at headlands too. The difference in rail lines compaction compared to the field is dependent on the number of taken measures during the plant vegetation period and the measuring showed the compaction of lower soil layers. The values calculated from taken unimpaired soil samples show that the values of reduced mass per volume confirm the results of the penetrometric gauging. The values of maximum capillary water capacity characterize the soil at chosen stands as ?moisture-holding? and higher values were found out when using minimization technologies of soil processing. When comparing the period of soil processing, it was further established, that higher yield was when using the autumn dung ploughing and at the land with the autumn ploughing was also measured higher growth and weight of monitored corn, than at a land with work technologies done in the spring
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Vliv strojů a strojních souprav v rostlinné výrobě na nežádoucí zhutnění půdy
Svoboda, Martin
The dissertation deals with influence of machines and machine sets on unwanted soil compaction in agriculture production. In the literary part, the thesis deals with soil problems, current state of agricultural technology and its decisive parts in relation to the soil, physical properties of soil and penetrometry. The goal of the dissertation is to evaluate interactions of impact of tractor or combine harvester crossings on soil compaction. The effect of tractor and combine harvester crossings was measured by the degree of soil compaction by penetrometer resistance of the soil. At the same time, the physical properties of the soil were monitored by using the method of Kopecký roller analysis. In the field-laboratory measurement of soil compaction was used tractor with different loads, different tire pressure and dual tyres on rear axle. The influence of the first crossing, repeated crossings and no crossing was assessed. The results of the measurements confirm suitability of using modern tires which are able to work with lower inflation pressures, have a flexible sidewall and can be mount as dual or triple tyres.
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Porovnání orebné a bezorebné technologie zpracování půdy z hlediska jejího zhutnění
MACH, Václav
The bachelor thesis focuses on technologies of soil cultivation which are nowadays most frequently used in our country and what is their influence in soil compaction. It describes reasons of the origins of soil compaction, impacts of the compaction and the effect of compaction on soil as a unit. It also focuses on procedure? against unwanted compaction or its following elimination. Subsequently, the thesis describes basic work operations which are plowing and aeration. There are details of the principle how the plough works, basic types of ploughs and the way how we can divide plowing. There are also methods of plowing which are applied in different conditions on land. Last but not least, the thesis points out advantages and disadvantages of this most common soil cultivation. It deals with technologies of aeration as well as it deals with machines which are able to cultivate soil or with technologies of soil cultivation and their advantages and disadvantages in work without a plough. The field experiment which has been done for drawing up of this bachelor thesis focuses on comparison of ploughing and non-ploughing technologies of soil cultivation in a way of its compaction. There is evaluation of the penetrometric resistance, of the achieved depth in measurement and the soil moisture. These values have been measured on a field which was divided according to the technology of soil cultivation. The first part was done conventionally with the plough and in the second part the plough was replaced with the aeration. The results of the measurement were then compared with the whole soil profile of the measurement, then in the depth of 20 cm and finally with rest the horizon of measurement. Values and comparisons of the individual measurements are for better illustration noted in tables and marked on graph.
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Vliv zatížení a tlaku huštění pneumatik traktoru na utužení půdy
Minařík, Jiří
As farm tractors and field equipment become larger and heavier, there is a growing concern about soil compaction. Heavy equipment and tillage implements can cause damage to the soil structure. The soil structure is important, because it determines the ability of a soil to hold and conduct water, nutrients, and air. These properties are necessary for plant root activity. The basic connection between soil and machine are tyres. The choice of tyres in agriculture not only affects economy of soil operations and traffic, but it affects the soil structure too. The manufacturers of tyres and agricultural machines are developing new constructions, which has goal to decrease impact of heavy machinery on soil structure. Practical part of diploma thesis deals with the influence of load and inflation of tractor tyres on soil compaction. The results of experimental measurement confirmed negative influence of heavy tractor on soil structure.
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Vliv pojezdového ústrojí zemědělské techniky na utužení půdy
Koníček, Petr
The diploma thesis provides an overview of the soil, its composition and attributes. Then, it briefly describes causes of soil solidification and methods of soil cultivation, which eliminate the unwanted soil solidification. This thesis also gives an overview of agricultural tyres, their composition and compression systems. Furthermore, it describes undercarriages of combine harvesters and their advantages and disadvantages. In the practical part of this thesis, there were done laboratory and field measurements of soil solidification after being run over by combine harvesters with different contents of grains in the grain hoppers and using the combine harvester inclination. Subsequently, the measurements were compared and evaluated in terms of changes in the soil porosity.
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