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Vnímavost plemen kapra obecného k onemocnění způsobenému kapřím edémovým virem
BALOCH, Ali Asghar
Fish diseases refer to any condition that affects the health and well-being of fish, whether in the wild or in captivity. Fish are vulnerable to a variety of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and other pathogens. The prevalence and severity of these diseases vary widely, depending on the species of fish, the environmental conditions, and the management practices. Fish have a complex immune system that allows them to respond to a variety of diseases. Their immune system includes both innate and adaptive responses, which work together to protect them from infections. Innate immunity is the first line of defense and includes physical barriers such as the skin, scales, and mucus, as well as cellular and humoral responses that can quickly recognize and respond to pathogens. These responses include the activation of phagocytic cells such as macrophages and neutrophils, the release of antimicrobial peptides, and the production of reactive oxygen species. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is a more specific and targeted response that is mediated by T and B lymphocytes. These cells can recognize and respond to specific pathogens, and can develop immunological memory, allowing for a faster and stronger response to subsequent infections. When a fish encounters a pathogen, its immune system is activated, and a series of responses are initiated. The exact response depends on the pathogen and the fish species, but generally involves the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, the activation of phagocytic cells to engulf and destroy the pathogen, and the production of cytokines to stimulate the immune response. Cytokines specially help to coordinate the immune response and ensure that the appropriate mechanisms are activated to fight the infection. The initial investigation of the thesis provides a comprehensive review of cytokine responses in common carp exposed to CEV, CyHV-3, SVCV and Aeromonas hydrophila infections. It aims to synthesize existing literature on immune responses, particularly cytokine expression, and highlights the essential role of cytokines as inflammatory mediators and their mechanisms in response to both pathogenic and non-pathogenic immunostimulants in common carp. The production of these cytokines may result in various symptoms and signs of infections, which can lead to the recruitment of inflammatory cells that play an important role in clearing up different infections. Furthermore, this study provides insights into the ways by which cytokines can be used to diagnose and combat disease in common carp. Further, the examination of the immune response of carp to CEV infection using gene expression profiling and qPCR was carried out. The expression patterns of eleven immune-related genes were monitored in four different carp strains. The expression patterns of several immune-related genes were found to be similar across all carp strains and genogroups, while some significant differences were observed in koi carp infected with both CEV genogroups. Additionally, a resemblance was observed in the expression pattern of several genes between KSD-resistant AS strain and koi. Furthermore, the observed increase in mRNA expression of several immune related genes indicates a broader mucosal immune response triggered by CEV. Overall, these results provide essential insights into the immunological response of carp to infectious diseases and may help to develop effective management strategies for preventing and controlling CEV disease in aquaculture.
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Possibilities of the use of peracetic acid in therapy of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
ŠAUER, Pavel
The aim of the present study was to assess an influence of two different therapeutical concentrations of peracetic acid on selected haematological and biochemical parameters in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were radomly distributed to aquaria and exposed to concentrations of 0 mg.l-1 PAA (control group), 1.0 mg.l-1 PAA (P1 group), 3.0 mg.l-1 PAA (P2 group). Almost total mortality of fish was observed in the concentration 3.0 mg.l-1 PAA during the treatment comparing with the P1 group and untreated control where no mortality was observed. After the end of the experimental exposure of fish to peracetic acid, the sampling of blood has been realised. The samples of the blood were examined in order to determine haematological and biochemical parameters. Consequently, there were no significant differences (p<0.05) in a haematological profile of fish exposed to concentration of 1.0 mg.l-1 PAA. Goblet cells count and size have risen, that caused exposure of fish to peracetic acid. In the biochemical profile of fish, significant changes (p<0.01) in three parameters were found after exposure of fish to peracetic acid in concentration 1.0 mg.l-1. Changed parameters were: aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. The changes were moderate and it can be supposed that these changes are reversible. No significant change (p<0.05) in haematological parameters points out to the minimum negative influence of recommended therapeutical concntration (1.0 mg.l-1 PAA) to the health of C. idella.
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